GNRS 588 Exam 5 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update

GNRS 588 Exam 5 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - Answers A condition involving systemic activation of blood clotting, leading to clot formation, depletion of clotting factors, and bleeding. Key signs of DIC - Answers Bleeding, bruising, petechiae, oozing from IV sites, and organ dysfunction due to microclots. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) - Answers An immune-mediated reaction to heparin causing a severe drop in platelets and increased clotting risk. Type 1 and Type 2 HIT - Answers Type 1 is non-immune and mild; Type 2 is immune-mediated, serious, and can cause thrombosis. HIT appearance after heparin therapy starts - Answers Usually 5-14 days after initiation; faster if patient was previously exposed to heparin. Sickle Cell Anemia - Answers A genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin that leads to misshapen RBCs and blockages in small vessels. Complications of sickle cell anemia - Answers Vaso-occlusive crises, stroke, acute chest syndrome, infection risk, and organ damage. Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) - Answers A life-threatening condition where cancer treatment causes rapid tumor breakdown, leading to electrolyte imbalances. Lab findings in TLS - Answers Hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia. Signs of TLS - Answers Muscle cramps, seizures, tetany (positive Chvostek/Trousseau), ECG changes, renal failure. Anemia of Critical Illness - Answers A common, multifactorial anemia in ICU patients due to inflammation, poor RBC production, and blood loss. Pathophysiology of HIT - Answers Heparin binds to platelet factor 4 → new antigen forms → IgG antibody binds → immune complex triggers platelet activation → thrombosis. Hallmark lab finding of HIT - Answers Sudden drop in platelet count (usually 50% from baseline), especially during or after heparin use. First step in treating HIT - Answers Immediately stop all forms of heparin and initiate a non-heparin anticoagulant (like argatroban). Cause of hyperuricemia in Tumor Lysis Syndrome - Answers Massive cell lysis releases nucleic acids, which are metabolized to uric acid. Why TLS causes hypocalcemia - Answers Released phosphate binds calcium, forming calcium phosphate crystals and lowering serum calcium levels. ECG changes seen in TLS - Answers Peaked T waves (hyperkalemia), prolonged QT (hypocalcemia), widened QRS. Treatment for TLS - Answers Aggressive hydration, allopurinol or rasburicase, manage electrolytes, and dialysis if needed. Signs of critical illness anemia - Answers Fatigue, pallor, increased oxygen needs, low hemoglobin without obvious bleeding. Causes of critical illness anemia - Answers Chronic inflammation, decreased erythropoietin, frequent blood draws, nutritional deficiencies. Positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs - Answers Associated with hypocalcemia — often seen in Tumor Lysis Syndrome. Goal of sedation in the ICU - Answers To create a therapeutic, healing environment that alleviates agitation, pain, and discomfort. Common sedatives used in ICU care - Answers Benzodiazepines, sedative-hypnotics (e.g., propofol), and central alpha agonists (e.g., dexmedetomidine). Purpose of Daily Sedation Interruption (DSI) - Answers To stop sedatives and assess neurolog