McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes — Cellular Biology
Stem: A hospitalized patient has a blood culture that grows
bacteria lacking a true nucleus and organelles. Which cellular
feature best distinguishes these organisms from the patient's
own cells?
A. Presence of histone-bound DNA
B. Lack of a membrane-bound nucleus
C. Presence of membrane-bound mitochondria
D. Presence of linear chromosomes
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
, • Correct (B): Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound nuclei and
organelles; their DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear
membrane, which distinguishes them from eukaryotic
human cells.
• Incorrect (A): Histone-bound DNA is characteristic of
eukaryotes, not prokaryotes, but the presence of histones
is not the single best distinguishing feature in this context.
• Incorrect (C): Membrane-bound mitochondria are found in
eukaryotic cells (patient’s cells), not prokaryotes; this
option reverses the distinction.
• Incorrect (D): Linear chromosomes are typical of
eukaryotes; many prokaryotes have a single circular
chromosome.
Teaching Point: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound
nucleus and organelles.
2.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Cellular Functions —
Cellular Biology
Stem: A patient’s hepatocytes show increased rates of protein
synthesis after a toxin exposure. Which cellular function is
primarily responsible for this adaptation?
A. Metabolic absorption
B. Communication via gap junctions
C. Secretion of exosomes
,D. Cellular movement by actin-myosin
Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): Metabolic absorption refers to a cell’s ability
to take in and use nutrients and substrates for synthesizing
macromolecules such as proteins, supporting increased
protein synthesis.
• Incorrect (B): Gap junction communication coordinates
activity between cells but does not directly increase a cell’s
capacity for protein synthesis.
• Incorrect (C): Exosome secretion is a method of
intercellular signaling and waste export, not the primary
mechanism for upregulated intracellular protein synthesis.
• Incorrect (D): Cellular movement involves cytoskeletal
dynamics and is unrelated to the hepatocyte’s increased
protein synthetic activity.
Teaching Point: Metabolic absorption supplies substrates
for increased protein synthesis.
3.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Structure & Function
of Cellular Components — Nucleus & Chromatin
Stem: A chemotherapy drug targets rapidly dividing cancer cells
by interfering with mitotic spindle formation. Which
nuclear/cellular structure is most directly involved in spindle
, assembly?
A. Mitochondria
B. Centrosomes (microtubule organizing centers)
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Lysosomes
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Centrosomes serve as microtubule-organizing
centers and nucleate spindle microtubules essential for
mitosis; disrupting them affects spindle formation.
• Incorrect (A): Mitochondria provide ATP but are not
directly responsible for spindle assembly.
• Incorrect (C): The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in
protein and lipid synthesis, not primary spindle
organization.
• Incorrect (D): Lysosomes degrade cellular debris and are
not involved in mitotic spindle formation.
Teaching Point: Centrosomes nucleate spindle
microtubules needed for mitosis.
4.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Structure & Function
of Cellular Components — Mitochondria & Energy
Stem: A patient with muscle weakness undergoes a biopsy
showing decreased ATP production despite normal oxygen
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes — Cellular Biology
Stem: A hospitalized patient has a blood culture that grows
bacteria lacking a true nucleus and organelles. Which cellular
feature best distinguishes these organisms from the patient's
own cells?
A. Presence of histone-bound DNA
B. Lack of a membrane-bound nucleus
C. Presence of membrane-bound mitochondria
D. Presence of linear chromosomes
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
, • Correct (B): Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound nuclei and
organelles; their DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear
membrane, which distinguishes them from eukaryotic
human cells.
• Incorrect (A): Histone-bound DNA is characteristic of
eukaryotes, not prokaryotes, but the presence of histones
is not the single best distinguishing feature in this context.
• Incorrect (C): Membrane-bound mitochondria are found in
eukaryotic cells (patient’s cells), not prokaryotes; this
option reverses the distinction.
• Incorrect (D): Linear chromosomes are typical of
eukaryotes; many prokaryotes have a single circular
chromosome.
Teaching Point: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound
nucleus and organelles.
2.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Cellular Functions —
Cellular Biology
Stem: A patient’s hepatocytes show increased rates of protein
synthesis after a toxin exposure. Which cellular function is
primarily responsible for this adaptation?
A. Metabolic absorption
B. Communication via gap junctions
C. Secretion of exosomes
,D. Cellular movement by actin-myosin
Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): Metabolic absorption refers to a cell’s ability
to take in and use nutrients and substrates for synthesizing
macromolecules such as proteins, supporting increased
protein synthesis.
• Incorrect (B): Gap junction communication coordinates
activity between cells but does not directly increase a cell’s
capacity for protein synthesis.
• Incorrect (C): Exosome secretion is a method of
intercellular signaling and waste export, not the primary
mechanism for upregulated intracellular protein synthesis.
• Incorrect (D): Cellular movement involves cytoskeletal
dynamics and is unrelated to the hepatocyte’s increased
protein synthetic activity.
Teaching Point: Metabolic absorption supplies substrates
for increased protein synthesis.
3.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Structure & Function
of Cellular Components — Nucleus & Chromatin
Stem: A chemotherapy drug targets rapidly dividing cancer cells
by interfering with mitotic spindle formation. Which
nuclear/cellular structure is most directly involved in spindle
, assembly?
A. Mitochondria
B. Centrosomes (microtubule organizing centers)
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Lysosomes
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Centrosomes serve as microtubule-organizing
centers and nucleate spindle microtubules essential for
mitosis; disrupting them affects spindle formation.
• Incorrect (A): Mitochondria provide ATP but are not
directly responsible for spindle assembly.
• Incorrect (C): The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in
protein and lipid synthesis, not primary spindle
organization.
• Incorrect (D): Lysosomes degrade cellular debris and are
not involved in mitotic spindle formation.
Teaching Point: Centrosomes nucleate spindle
microtubules needed for mitosis.
4.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Structure & Function
of Cellular Components — Mitochondria & Energy
Stem: A patient with muscle weakness undergoes a biopsy
showing decreased ATP production despite normal oxygen
