PSCH 242 - Exam #3 Review Solved 100% Correct
Define Between-Subject design - correct answer Different individuals participate in each
condition of the experiment (no overlap of participants across conditions)
What is another name for between-subject design? - correct answer Independent groups
design
How many groups are needed for between-subject design? - correct answer At least two
different groups
T or F: independent groups/between subject design can be either true or quasi experiment -
correct answer True
What does it mean when something is a true experimental design? - correct answer It has a
control group and random assignment
What type of of experiment is it when participants are assigned based on age/gender/ethnicity
rather than randomly? - correct answer Quasi experiment
What type of variables are found in experimental studies? - correct answer IV, DV, and
confounds/extraneous
Fill in the blank: _____________ design is the only way to establish ________________
relationship - correct answer experimental, causal
What variable is the only that the experimenter manipulates on purpose? - correct answer
Independent variable
How many groups/levels do independent variables need? - correct answer At least TWO
(control and treatment/experimental)
T or F: There could be more than one treatment group for an IV - correct answer True
T or F: In psychology research, IV typically includes physiological, experiential, or stimulus
variables - correct answer True
Which variables change as a function of the level of the IV? - correct answer Dependent
variable
Fill in the blank: dependent variables are measured as a(n) ______________. - correct answer
outcome
T or F: There is a limit with the number of dependent variables in an experiment. - correct
answer False
,You can have as many DVs as you want as long as you have at least one!
What is a confounding/extraneous variable? - correct answer Factors that can have
UNINTENDED INFLUENCE on the experiment's results
What is internal validity? - correct answer Whether the study accurately answers the research
question without biases
What are the 3 ways we conclude a causal inference? - correct answer 1) Covariance (IV and DV
change simultaneously)
2) Time-order relationship (IV must occur first before change occurs)
3) Eliminate alternative causal explanations (confounds)
What is manipulation check? - correct answer A separate measure that is needed to see if the
manipulation created the intended effect
What are the 4 ways to randomly assign participants in between-subject group design? - correct
answer 1) Simple randomization
2) Block randomization
3) Stratified randomization
4) Matches groups design
Define simple randomization - correct answer Participants are assigned to conditions/groups
without any selection criteria
Define block randomization - correct answer Randomly assigned subjects one block at a time
What are the advantages to block randomization? - correct answer - creates equally sized
groups
- Controls for time-related events that occur during the course of the experiment
Define stratified randomization - correct answer Differentiate participants into stratas first
according to PARTICIPANT CHARACTERISTICS
What are the reasons for stratification in stratified randomization? (2) - correct answer - handle
larger sample sizes more conveniently
- participant characteristics can be related to the experiment outcome
Define matched groups design - correct answer Researchers select 1 or 2 individual differences
variables as the matching criteria
What is the procedure of matched groups design? (3 steps) - correct answer 1) Researches
select matching variable (Related to outcome of dependent variable)
, 2) Match groups based on identical or similar scores
3) Randomly assign participants within each match to different IV conditions
T or F: Match pairs in matched groups design can only consist of TWO people - correct answer
False
Match groups can be triples, quadruples, etc.
What is the difference between stratified randomization and matched-group design? - correct
answer Matched groups design deals with VERY SMALl sample sizes while stratified
randomization deals with large samples
- for matched groups, each participant can ONLY participate if there is a match for them
What are the 3 threats to internal validity? - correct answer 1) Selective subject loss
2) Uncontrolled demand characteristics or experimenter effect
3) Other uncontrolled extraneous variables
Define demand characteristics - correct answer Subtle cues that makes the participants aware
of what the researcher wants
Define experimenter effect - correct answer Any effect of experimenter on the study results
during any of the experimental processes
What is external validity? - correct answer Extent to which findings from an experiment can be
generalized to describe things in the real world
Fill in the blank: ___________ validity of findings ___________ when findings are replicated in a
new setting - correct answer External, increases
Define repeated measures designs - correct answer When each individual participates in ALL
conditions of the experiment
What is another name for repeated measures design? - correct answer Within-subject design
How many groups of participants are in within subject designs? - correct answer only ONE
(errors due to individual differences can be eliminated)
Define sequence effect - correct answer A participant's experience with one conditions can
affect the performance in subsequent conditions
Define Between-Subject design - correct answer Different individuals participate in each
condition of the experiment (no overlap of participants across conditions)
What is another name for between-subject design? - correct answer Independent groups
design
How many groups are needed for between-subject design? - correct answer At least two
different groups
T or F: independent groups/between subject design can be either true or quasi experiment -
correct answer True
What does it mean when something is a true experimental design? - correct answer It has a
control group and random assignment
What type of of experiment is it when participants are assigned based on age/gender/ethnicity
rather than randomly? - correct answer Quasi experiment
What type of variables are found in experimental studies? - correct answer IV, DV, and
confounds/extraneous
Fill in the blank: _____________ design is the only way to establish ________________
relationship - correct answer experimental, causal
What variable is the only that the experimenter manipulates on purpose? - correct answer
Independent variable
How many groups/levels do independent variables need? - correct answer At least TWO
(control and treatment/experimental)
T or F: There could be more than one treatment group for an IV - correct answer True
T or F: In psychology research, IV typically includes physiological, experiential, or stimulus
variables - correct answer True
Which variables change as a function of the level of the IV? - correct answer Dependent
variable
Fill in the blank: dependent variables are measured as a(n) ______________. - correct answer
outcome
T or F: There is a limit with the number of dependent variables in an experiment. - correct
answer False
,You can have as many DVs as you want as long as you have at least one!
What is a confounding/extraneous variable? - correct answer Factors that can have
UNINTENDED INFLUENCE on the experiment's results
What is internal validity? - correct answer Whether the study accurately answers the research
question without biases
What are the 3 ways we conclude a causal inference? - correct answer 1) Covariance (IV and DV
change simultaneously)
2) Time-order relationship (IV must occur first before change occurs)
3) Eliminate alternative causal explanations (confounds)
What is manipulation check? - correct answer A separate measure that is needed to see if the
manipulation created the intended effect
What are the 4 ways to randomly assign participants in between-subject group design? - correct
answer 1) Simple randomization
2) Block randomization
3) Stratified randomization
4) Matches groups design
Define simple randomization - correct answer Participants are assigned to conditions/groups
without any selection criteria
Define block randomization - correct answer Randomly assigned subjects one block at a time
What are the advantages to block randomization? - correct answer - creates equally sized
groups
- Controls for time-related events that occur during the course of the experiment
Define stratified randomization - correct answer Differentiate participants into stratas first
according to PARTICIPANT CHARACTERISTICS
What are the reasons for stratification in stratified randomization? (2) - correct answer - handle
larger sample sizes more conveniently
- participant characteristics can be related to the experiment outcome
Define matched groups design - correct answer Researchers select 1 or 2 individual differences
variables as the matching criteria
What is the procedure of matched groups design? (3 steps) - correct answer 1) Researches
select matching variable (Related to outcome of dependent variable)
, 2) Match groups based on identical or similar scores
3) Randomly assign participants within each match to different IV conditions
T or F: Match pairs in matched groups design can only consist of TWO people - correct answer
False
Match groups can be triples, quadruples, etc.
What is the difference between stratified randomization and matched-group design? - correct
answer Matched groups design deals with VERY SMALl sample sizes while stratified
randomization deals with large samples
- for matched groups, each participant can ONLY participate if there is a match for them
What are the 3 threats to internal validity? - correct answer 1) Selective subject loss
2) Uncontrolled demand characteristics or experimenter effect
3) Other uncontrolled extraneous variables
Define demand characteristics - correct answer Subtle cues that makes the participants aware
of what the researcher wants
Define experimenter effect - correct answer Any effect of experimenter on the study results
during any of the experimental processes
What is external validity? - correct answer Extent to which findings from an experiment can be
generalized to describe things in the real world
Fill in the blank: ___________ validity of findings ___________ when findings are replicated in a
new setting - correct answer External, increases
Define repeated measures designs - correct answer When each individual participates in ALL
conditions of the experiment
What is another name for repeated measures design? - correct answer Within-subject design
How many groups of participants are in within subject designs? - correct answer only ONE
(errors due to individual differences can be eliminated)
Define sequence effect - correct answer A participant's experience with one conditions can
affect the performance in subsequent conditions
