PSU BBH 101 Exam 1 2025

PSU BBH 101 Exam 1 2025 Trepanation - -surgical procedure in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull Humoral theory - -belief that certain liquids in the body must be in balance Cholera - -disease that causes severe diarrhea and vomiting, which can lead to dehydration, shock, and death Reductionism - -an approach to science based on the philosophy that we can understand a more complex system by first understanding the individual components of that system John Snow - -studied patterns of cholera outbreak in London and identified a public water pump as the source Semmelweis - -discovered that childbed fever was caused by doctors not washing their hands Cell Theory - -organisms are made up of cells Louis Pasteur - -examined porridge by leaving one container open and the other sealed; the one unsealed grew mold Edward Jenner - -developed the 1st vaccine from theory that cowpox prevents smallpox; exposed a little boy to the vaccine then to smallpox and he did not get smallpox Alexander Flemming - -discovered antibacterial effects of penicillin Biomedical Model - -suggests that illness always has a biological cause Biobehavioral Perspective - -recognizes biological, psychological, and sociocultural focuses in determining an individual's health and vulnerability to disease Framingham Heart Study - -used the biobehavioral perspective to study risk factors of cardiovascular disease; helped us understand that smoking, cholesterol, blood pressure, obesity, etc can cause it Warren and Marshall - -used the biomedical model to prove that H. Pylori is a cause of peptic ulcers Cognitive Bias - -patterns of judgement that cause us to make illogical inferences PSU BBH PSU BBH Scientific Method - -observe, hypothesize, predict, test Theory - -a hypothesis that has been tested over and over again Sample - -portion of the population of interest being studied in an experiment P-value - -tells us what the probability is of obtaining our result if there really is no relationship between the variable we are interested in (0.05 is generally accepted at a significant finding) Importance of Replication - -experiments must be replicated to avoid experimenter's bias and confounds Causality - -relationship between two events such that one is understood to be a consequence of the other Hypothesized relationship - -A causes B Reverse Causation - -B causes A Bidirectional - -A causes B and B causes A (affect each other) Common Causal Variable - -C causes A and B Coincidence - -relationship is caused by chance Case Study - -clinical description of a single patient, usually describing an unusual feature or association between disease and some expose factor Case Series - -collection of case studies involving a group of patients with similar characteristics Cross-sectional Study - -takes a "point-in-time" picture of health, health behaviors, and other exposure factors; there is no follow up, measures are only taken once Case-Control Study - -People with the outcome and without the outcome are selected and research is done to see how many people in each group have exposure to some variable or interest (retrospective study) Odds Ratio - -tells us how much more likely people with the exposure are to have the outcome compared to people without the exposure Cohort Studies - -people with a certain exposure and without the exposure are selected, then followed for a specified period of time to see if they develop the outcome of interest PSU BBH PSU BBH Relative Risk (Risk Ratio) - -tells us how much higher the risk of the outcome is in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group Experimental Designs - -the gold standard for identifying causal relationships Random Assignment - -randomly assigning participants to groups in which all participants have an equal chance of getting into an experimental group Blinding - -when the group assignment is concealed Good Placebo - -trying to prove that medical Experimental Study - -study in which the independent variable's effect is being manipulated by the experimenter Observational Study - -study in which the independent variable is not manipulated by the experimenter Empirical Research - -publication in which someone writes about an experiment they did on a study they held Literature Review - -publication (general) in which someone is reviewing another study Systematic Review - -publication (very thorough) in which someone is reviewing another study but there is no original research involved Meta-analysis - -publication in which a collection of empirical studies is taken and analyzed as if they were one study; comes up with an overall analysis Clinical Trials for Prescription Drugs - -randomized clinical trial (RCT's) with placebo used to asses effectiveness of prescription drugs Central Nervous System - -brain and spinal cord Spinal Cord - -receives sensory information from the body and sends it to the brain, and receives motor information from the brain and sends it to the body Peripheral Nervous System - -conveys messages to and from the CNS Somatic PNS - -controls voluntary movement Autonomic PNS - -controls involuntary movement Sympathetic PNS - -part of the autonomic PNS affected by dangerous situations Parasympathetic - -part of the autonomic PNS involved in calming, relaxing activity PSU BBH PSU BBH Neuron - -smaller functional unit of the Nervous System Dendrite - -part of the neuron that receives information Soma - -part of the neuron that integrates information Axon - -part of the neuron that conducts information Synaptic Boutons - -part of the neuron that transmits information Action Potentials - -signals that allow electrical signaling within the neuron Myelin - -insulatory material covering an axon in a neuron to keep the axon from decaying, which allows the electrical signal to make it all the way through Synapses - -a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap Neurotransmitters - -how neurons communicate with one another Path of Neurotransmitters - -released from the neuron, cross the synaptic cleft, and interact with receptors on the next neuron Cerebral Cortex - -4 lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal) and the prefrontal cortex Prefrontal Cortex - -hold back impulse; also controls memory Brainstem - -central trunk of the brain; keeps you alive Cerebellum - -controls movement The Endocrine System - -collection of glands that produce hormones Hypothalamus - -controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland; produces the hormones Oxytocin and Vasopressin, which are sent to the pituitary for release; controls homeostasis and drive states Pituitary Gland - -Directly controlled by the hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Gland - -stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus ; secretes oxytocin and vasopressin Anterior Pituitary Gland - -synthesizes its own hormones; releases many intermediate hormones, including ACTH, beta-endorphin, luteinizing hormone, and growth hormone PSU BBH PSU BBH Leptin - -produced by fat cells and acts to suppress hunger via the hypothalamus Ghrelin - -produced by fat cells in the GI tract and acts to increase hunger via hypothalamus Nonspecific Immune System - -includes innate defenses and also several types of white blood cells and proteins Phagocytes - -cells that engulf foreign invaders Natural Killer Cells - -identify and destroy diseased cells Interferon - -protein that confers short-term resistance to viral infection Complement proteins - -assists the immune system in destroying pathogens; activated by immune system of microbes Inflammatory Response - -helps to prevent spread of infection triggered by any damage to tissues Limbic System - -large collection of different structures (Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalamus) associated with emotions and memory Hippocampus - -controls memory, especially essential is consolidating short term memory Amygdala - -controls fearful emotions Reward System - -involved with anything that makes you feel good and includes the dopamine pathways Dopamine pathways - -connects the ventral segmental area and nucleus accumbens Vaccine - -involves exposing some immune system to a disease-causing agent or some element of a disease causing agent; this leads to production of memory B cells and confers immunity Cytokines - -conveys messages of infection to the brain and produced by a variety of immune system cells; associated with the "sickness response" Arteries - -carry blood away from the heart Veins - -carry blood back to the heart Capillaries - -carries blood throughout organs and body PSU BBH PSU BBH Red blood cells - -(erythrocytes) contain hemoglobin White blood cells - -(leukocytes) perform immune system functions Blood contains... - -red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma 4 chambers of the heart - -left atria, right atria, left ventricle, right ventricle Diastole - -part of the cardiac cycle in which the heart relaxes and fills up with blood Systole - -part of the cardiac cycle in which the heart contracts Sinoatrial node - -pacemaker Stomach - -secretes gastric juices to aid in digestion; includes mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen Pancreas - -deficiencies in insulin signaling are linked to diabetes Natural selection - -successful adaptations will be selected for and passed on to next generation because those characteristic promote survival Sexual selection - -traits are passed down because they make that organism more attractive to the opposite sex Chromosomes - -made up of strands of DNA that contain thousands of genes Genes - -tell your body how to produce protein Allele - -one of two or more different forms of a gene Genotype - -genetic makeup Phenotype - -outward expression of the genotype (how it looks like on the outside); physical and mental Heritability - -an estimate of how much variation in a trait can be attributed to genes Type 1 alcoholic - -alcoholism develops during adulthood Type 2 alcoholic - -develops during adolescence or early adulthood Phenylketonuria - -genetic disorder in which babies are born completely healthy unless they are exposed to phenylalanine; if exposed it builds up in their nervous system and causes cognitive damage PSU BBH Epigenetics - -a mechanism for explaining gene x environment interactions Evolutionary psychology - -attempts to understand human behavior in terms of how it might have been shaped by natural or sexual selection Gene-centered view of evolution - -Looks at evolution from perspective of genes, not