NSG 6604 Final exam with correct |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answers
Philosophy - correct answer✔✔-Science comprising logic, ethics, metaphysics & epistemology.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-concerned with judgements about components of science. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-statement of beliefs and values, what people assume to be true in what they believe. not
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
empirically based, opinion based, public affirmation in discipline. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-"this we believe" nsg statments
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-prevailing philosophy of discipline is the most widely accepted one. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Science - correct answer✔✔-to know (KING), body of knowledge.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-observation, identification, description, experimental investigation and theoretical explanation |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
of natural phenomena.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Nsg ______ is the knowledge connected to the discipline + the process & methods used to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
gain the knowledge.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-goal- identify truths/facts about discipline subject matter; who, what, where, when & how of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
phenomena.
Knowledge - correct answer✔✔-what can be structured and represented to others out of the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
process of knowing (Kramer). |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-factual, awareness or perception of reality acquired through learning or investigation.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Suggests that science is composed of what are known about discipline subject matter (known
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
vs believed).
|||\\\ |||\\\
-Feigl (1953) replicable by using appropriate scientific methodologies w/in a discipline;
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
replication = components of phenomena provide observable & measurable knowledge.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-empirical- can be experienced through human senses. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,Phenomena - correct answer✔✔-Comprise the subject matter of a discipline (grief, caring, etc)
|||\\\
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-A thing, fact, situation, or event of scientific interest susceptible to scientific description and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
explanation
Fact - correct answer✔✔-Something known with certainty
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Theory - correct answer✔✔-A set of two or more concepts, definitions, and propositions that
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
project a systematic view of phenomena by designing specific interrelationships among
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
concepts for purposes of describing, explaining, and predicting (Chinn & Jacob, 1987; Fawcett, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
2000)
• Generally, applicable in clinical practice • Facts need to be ordered in a cohesive body that
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
will result in an organized body of knowledge. • Provide a description, prediction,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
understanding, and explanation of phenomena (Kim) • _____ allows one to explain past |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
events, provide a sense of understanding about current events, predict future events and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
provide the potential for controlling them • Nursing intervention is served through the ability
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to predict and ultimately to control phenomena associated with health and health care • A
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
degree of uncertainty is inherent in ______; the concepts may be tentative and the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
propositions may be predictions of what reality is believed to be like, rather than a set of |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
known, undeniable facts (Hoover, 1988) • The functions of _____ include summarization of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
knowledge, explanation of phenomena of interest to the discipline employing the _____, and |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
provision of to guide, predict and ultimately to control phenomena (Mehlberg, 1962) • T_____ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
are composed of assertions that state specific relationships between two or more concepts
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
How does theory contribute to the scientific base of a discipline? - correct answer✔✔-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
conceptual models and theories PRESENT DIFFERENT VIEWS OF PHENOMENON. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-link results of research together leading to cumulative scientific knowledge.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-provide frameworks by which to study concepts & variables. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-provide frameworks that allows interpretation of research findings beyond specific data.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Model - correct answer✔✔• An idea that explains by using symbolic and physical visualization
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
• Symbolic models may be verbal, schematic, or quantitative • Verbal models are worded
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
statements • Schematic models may be diagrams, drawings, graphs or pictures • Quantitative |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, models are mathematical symbols • Physical models may look like what they are supposed to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
represent; For example, body organs may become more abstract while still keeping some of |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the physical properties, like ECG tracings • Models can be used "to facilitate thinking about
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
concepts and relationships between them (Bush, 1979) or to map out the research process |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(Chinn & Jacob, 1989) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Conceptual Model - correct answer✔✔-ABSTRACT AND GENERAL ideas(concepts) & |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
propositions that specify relationships. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Integrate those concepts into a meaningful configuration (Fawcett). |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Paradigm - correct answer✔✔Science, philosophy and theory are all components of the |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
domain of any scientific discipline; used to denote the prevailing network of science, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
philosophy and theory accepted by a discipline |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
• What members of the community have in common; Includes: knowledge, philosophy, theory,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
educational experience, practice orientation, research methodology and literature identified
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
with the discipline (shared framework and a shared view held by a discipline (Melesis)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- The prevailing *** directs the activities of the discipline • It is accepted by the majority of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
individuals within the discipline and suggest the areas of study of interest to the discipline and |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the means to study them |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Concept - correct answer✔✔• A complex mental formulation of an object, property or event |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
that is derived from individual perceptual experience (Chinn & Jacob, 1987)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
|||\\\ • It is an idea, a mental image or a generalization formed and developed in the mind
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-_____ label phenomena |||\\\ |||\\\
|||\\\ -abstract or concrete |||\\\ |||\\\
concrete concept - correct answer✔✔specific to time and place, such as the body |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
temperature of a specific person, at a specific time, on a specific day |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
abstract concept - correct answer✔✔completely independent of time or place. Temperature |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
for example |||\\\
answers
Philosophy - correct answer✔✔-Science comprising logic, ethics, metaphysics & epistemology.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-concerned with judgements about components of science. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-statement of beliefs and values, what people assume to be true in what they believe. not
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
empirically based, opinion based, public affirmation in discipline. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-"this we believe" nsg statments
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-prevailing philosophy of discipline is the most widely accepted one. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Science - correct answer✔✔-to know (KING), body of knowledge.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-observation, identification, description, experimental investigation and theoretical explanation |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
of natural phenomena.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Nsg ______ is the knowledge connected to the discipline + the process & methods used to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
gain the knowledge.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-goal- identify truths/facts about discipline subject matter; who, what, where, when & how of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
phenomena.
Knowledge - correct answer✔✔-what can be structured and represented to others out of the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
process of knowing (Kramer). |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-factual, awareness or perception of reality acquired through learning or investigation.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Suggests that science is composed of what are known about discipline subject matter (known
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
vs believed).
|||\\\ |||\\\
-Feigl (1953) replicable by using appropriate scientific methodologies w/in a discipline;
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
replication = components of phenomena provide observable & measurable knowledge.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-empirical- can be experienced through human senses. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,Phenomena - correct answer✔✔-Comprise the subject matter of a discipline (grief, caring, etc)
|||\\\
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-A thing, fact, situation, or event of scientific interest susceptible to scientific description and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
explanation
Fact - correct answer✔✔-Something known with certainty
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Theory - correct answer✔✔-A set of two or more concepts, definitions, and propositions that
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
project a systematic view of phenomena by designing specific interrelationships among
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
concepts for purposes of describing, explaining, and predicting (Chinn & Jacob, 1987; Fawcett, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
2000)
• Generally, applicable in clinical practice • Facts need to be ordered in a cohesive body that
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
will result in an organized body of knowledge. • Provide a description, prediction,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
understanding, and explanation of phenomena (Kim) • _____ allows one to explain past |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
events, provide a sense of understanding about current events, predict future events and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
provide the potential for controlling them • Nursing intervention is served through the ability
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to predict and ultimately to control phenomena associated with health and health care • A
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
degree of uncertainty is inherent in ______; the concepts may be tentative and the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
propositions may be predictions of what reality is believed to be like, rather than a set of |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
known, undeniable facts (Hoover, 1988) • The functions of _____ include summarization of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
knowledge, explanation of phenomena of interest to the discipline employing the _____, and |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
provision of to guide, predict and ultimately to control phenomena (Mehlberg, 1962) • T_____ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
are composed of assertions that state specific relationships between two or more concepts
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
How does theory contribute to the scientific base of a discipline? - correct answer✔✔-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
conceptual models and theories PRESENT DIFFERENT VIEWS OF PHENOMENON. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-link results of research together leading to cumulative scientific knowledge.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-provide frameworks by which to study concepts & variables. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-provide frameworks that allows interpretation of research findings beyond specific data.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Model - correct answer✔✔• An idea that explains by using symbolic and physical visualization
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
• Symbolic models may be verbal, schematic, or quantitative • Verbal models are worded
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
statements • Schematic models may be diagrams, drawings, graphs or pictures • Quantitative |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, models are mathematical symbols • Physical models may look like what they are supposed to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
represent; For example, body organs may become more abstract while still keeping some of |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the physical properties, like ECG tracings • Models can be used "to facilitate thinking about
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
concepts and relationships between them (Bush, 1979) or to map out the research process |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(Chinn & Jacob, 1989) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Conceptual Model - correct answer✔✔-ABSTRACT AND GENERAL ideas(concepts) & |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
propositions that specify relationships. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Integrate those concepts into a meaningful configuration (Fawcett). |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Paradigm - correct answer✔✔Science, philosophy and theory are all components of the |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
domain of any scientific discipline; used to denote the prevailing network of science, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
philosophy and theory accepted by a discipline |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
• What members of the community have in common; Includes: knowledge, philosophy, theory,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
educational experience, practice orientation, research methodology and literature identified
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
with the discipline (shared framework and a shared view held by a discipline (Melesis)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- The prevailing *** directs the activities of the discipline • It is accepted by the majority of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
individuals within the discipline and suggest the areas of study of interest to the discipline and |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the means to study them |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Concept - correct answer✔✔• A complex mental formulation of an object, property or event |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
that is derived from individual perceptual experience (Chinn & Jacob, 1987)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
|||\\\ • It is an idea, a mental image or a generalization formed and developed in the mind
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-_____ label phenomena |||\\\ |||\\\
|||\\\ -abstract or concrete |||\\\ |||\\\
concrete concept - correct answer✔✔specific to time and place, such as the body |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
temperature of a specific person, at a specific time, on a specific day |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
abstract concept - correct answer✔✔completely independent of time or place. Temperature |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
for example |||\\\
