N4410 EXAM 1 Material (Perfusion)- Questions
with complete solutions
central perfusion
blood flow to life-sustaining organs (heart, brain, lungs, kidneys)
peripheral perfusion
blood flow to extremities (if impaired, won't die...at least not right away)
preload
- left-ventricular end diastolic pressure
- the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole
- ex. blowing air into balloon: the more air you blow in, the greater the stretch
afterload
- systemic vascular resistance
- the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood
volume out into the systemic circulation
- ex. is the knot tying the balloon: to get air out, have to work against knot
central perfusion impairment
- occurs when cardiac output is inadequate
- reduced CO results in a reduction of oxygenated blood reaching the body tissues (systemic
effect)
tissue perfusion impairment
,- associated with loss of vessel patency or permeability, or inadequate central perfusion
- results in impaired blood flow to affected body tissue (localized effect)
cardiac diagnostic tests
- lab tests (troponin, lactic acid)
- electrocardiogram
- cardiac stress tests: exercise or nuclear imaging tests
- radiographic studies (chest x-ray, ultrasound)
blood pressure
the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels
- normal is <120 and <80
prehypertension
120-139 or 80-89
stage 1 hypertension
140-159 or 90-99
stage 2 hypertension
>160 or >100
primary hypertension
- essential/idiopathic hypertension
- elevated BP without identified cause
, - 90-95% of all cases
- by lifestyle choices (smoking, alcohol) have increased risk factors
secondary hypertension
- elevated BP with a specific cause that often can be identified and corrected
- 5-10% of all adult cases
- clinical findings relate to underlying cause
- treatment aimed at removing or treating cause
- ex. pregnancy, brain tumors
primary hypertension risk factors
- age
- alcohol/tobacco use
- diabetes mellitus
- elevated serum lipids
- dietary sodium
- gender, ethnicity
- family history
- obesity
- sedentary lifestyle
- socioeconomic status
white coat hypertension
a phenomenon in which patients exhibit elevated blood pressure in the hospital or doctor's office
but not in their everyday lives
with complete solutions
central perfusion
blood flow to life-sustaining organs (heart, brain, lungs, kidneys)
peripheral perfusion
blood flow to extremities (if impaired, won't die...at least not right away)
preload
- left-ventricular end diastolic pressure
- the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole
- ex. blowing air into balloon: the more air you blow in, the greater the stretch
afterload
- systemic vascular resistance
- the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood
volume out into the systemic circulation
- ex. is the knot tying the balloon: to get air out, have to work against knot
central perfusion impairment
- occurs when cardiac output is inadequate
- reduced CO results in a reduction of oxygenated blood reaching the body tissues (systemic
effect)
tissue perfusion impairment
,- associated with loss of vessel patency or permeability, or inadequate central perfusion
- results in impaired blood flow to affected body tissue (localized effect)
cardiac diagnostic tests
- lab tests (troponin, lactic acid)
- electrocardiogram
- cardiac stress tests: exercise or nuclear imaging tests
- radiographic studies (chest x-ray, ultrasound)
blood pressure
the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels
- normal is <120 and <80
prehypertension
120-139 or 80-89
stage 1 hypertension
140-159 or 90-99
stage 2 hypertension
>160 or >100
primary hypertension
- essential/idiopathic hypertension
- elevated BP without identified cause
, - 90-95% of all cases
- by lifestyle choices (smoking, alcohol) have increased risk factors
secondary hypertension
- elevated BP with a specific cause that often can be identified and corrected
- 5-10% of all adult cases
- clinical findings relate to underlying cause
- treatment aimed at removing or treating cause
- ex. pregnancy, brain tumors
primary hypertension risk factors
- age
- alcohol/tobacco use
- diabetes mellitus
- elevated serum lipids
- dietary sodium
- gender, ethnicity
- family history
- obesity
- sedentary lifestyle
- socioeconomic status
white coat hypertension
a phenomenon in which patients exhibit elevated blood pressure in the hospital or doctor's office
but not in their everyday lives
