PAST Statistics Exam #1 – 2025/2026 | 100+ Solved Questions on Variables, Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Graphs & Confidence Intervals

This comprehensive 2025/2026 statistics exam review contains 100+ fully solved questions and correct answers from a past statistics exam. It provides students with both conceptual understanding and practical applications of statistical methods commonly tested in introductory and intermediate-level courses. Core content includes: Research Design: observational vs manipulative studies, independent and dependent variables, sampling methods, and estimation Descriptive Statistics: central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation, standard error), and 95% confidence intervals Probability & Distributions: normal distribution, skewness, bimodal data, histograms, box-and-whisker plots, violin plots, and probability density functions Data Visualization: bar graphs, pie charts, scatterplots, line of best fit, kernel density, effective vs poor data visuals, and differences between graph types Inferential Statistics: hypothesis testing, null vs alternative hypotheses, alpha and p-values, Shapiro-Wilk and Anderson-Darling tests for normality Models & Variables: univariate vs multivariate models, categorical, ordinal, interval, binary, continuous, composite variables, and outlier identification Historical & Applied References: Florence Nightingale’s role in data visualization, John Tukey’s boxplot, and modern statistical communication standards This exam guide is ideal for students in: Introductory and Intermediate College Statistics Psychology, Sociology, and Education Research Methods Business, Marketing, and Economics Statistics Biology, Environmental Science, and Health Sciences Graduate Prep Courses and Data Analysis Workshops By combining theory, worked examples, and exam-style problem-solving, this resource equips learners with the skills to analyze, interpret, and present data confidently. Keywords: statistics exam, descriptive statistics, central tendency, dispersion, standard deviation, standard error, confidence interval, probability distribution, normal distribution, histogram, box plot, violin plot, hypothesis testing, null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, alpha value, p-value, Shapiro-Wilk test, scatterplot, data visualization, variables