PSY 550 BEST FINAL EXAM

PSY 550 BEST FINAL EXAM Actor-Observer Effect - -A cognitive bias where people attribute their own actions to situational factors while attributing others' actions to their character. Agency - -The capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices. Aggression - -Behavior intended to harm another individual, which can be influenced by individual differences and situational moderators. Assumed similarity bias - -The tendency to assume that others are similar to oneself. Attachment Style - -Patterns of attachment behavior that affect adult relationships, intimacy, and attraction. Attachment Theory - -A psychological model that describes the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships, notably developed by Ainsworth and Bowlby. Attitudes - -Evaluative responses toward people, objects, or events, influenced by various theories such as the Elaboration Likelihood Model and balance theories. Attitudes vs. Actions - -A study by LaPiere (1934) examining the discrepancy between attitudes and actual behaviors. Attraction and Intimacy - -Factors influencing interpersonal attraction and intimacy, including evolutionary perspectives and self-disclosure. Attributions - -The process of explaining the causes of behavior, distinguishing between dispositional and situational factors. Attributional Equation - -A formula proposed by Lewin that relates to how individuals attribute causes to their behaviors. Attribution Theory - -A framework for understanding how individuals infer the causes of their own and others' behaviors, developed by theorists like Heider and Kelley. Bobo Doll Experiment - -A study by Bandura demonstrating observational learning and aggression in children. Bystander Effect - -A social phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when other people are present, influenced by diffusion of responsibility. Cognitive Dissonance - -A psychological state of discomfort arising from holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes, leading to attitude change to reduce arousal. PSY 550 PSY 550 Conformity - -The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms, often influenced by social pressure. False Consensus Effect - -The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. Fundamental Attribution Error - -The tendency to attribute others' behaviors to their character while attributing our own behaviors to situational factors. Good Samaritan Experiment - -A study by Darley and Batson examining the factors influencing helping behavior in strangers. Group Processes - -The dynamics of how groups function, including phenomena like groupthink and polarization. Influence Principles - -The strategies outlined by Cialdini that explain how individuals can influence others' behaviors. Looking Glass Self - -A concept by Cooley that describes how a person's self-concept is influenced by their perception of how others view them. Self-Perception Theory - -A theory proposed by Bem suggesting that individuals develop attitudes by observing their own behavior. Self-Serving Bias - -The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to external factors. Social Influence - -The effect that the presence or actions of others have on an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Stanford Prison Study - -An experiment by Zimbardo that investigated the psychological effects of perceived power by assigning college students to roles of guards and prisoners. Stanford Prison Experiment - -Study on power dynamics and role conformity. Stereotype Threat - -Fear of confirming negative stereotypes affects performance. Social Loafing - -Reduced effort in group tasks compared to individual. Crowd Behavior - -Collective behavior influenced by group dynamics. Social Facilitation - -Improved performance in the presence of others. Social Redefinition - -Transition process from childhood to adulthood. PSY 550 Emerging Adulthood - -Stage characterized by exploration and instability. Naïve Scientists - -Innate drive to explain behavior causes. Subtractive Rule - -Attribution process where negative factors diminish positive. Hostile Sexism - -Negative attitudes towards women based on gender. Benevolent Sexism - -Paternalistic attitudes that idealize women. Ambivalent Sexism - -Mix of hostile and benevolent attitudes towards women. Deindividuation - -Loss of self-awareness in groups leads to impulsivity. Collective Behavior - -Behavior of individuals in crowds or groups. Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) - -Pattern of disregard for others' rights. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) - -Pattern of angry, irritable, and defiant behavior. Conduct Disorder (CD) - -Behavioral disorder involving violation of rules. Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) - -Recurrent outbursts of aggression and violence. Adolescent-Limited Antisocial Behavior - -Antisocial behavior that emerges during adolescence. Life Course Persistent Antisocial Behavior - -Chronic antisocial behavior from childhood into adulthood. Flirting Styles - -Different approaches to romantic interactions. LGBTQ Challenges - -Obstacles faced in heteronormative dating practices. Digital Transformation of Intimacy - -Impact of technology on romantic relationships. Peer Groups - -Social groups that influence adolescent behavior. Self-Esteem in Adolescence - -Adolescents' changing perceptions of self-worth. Cultural Psychology - -Study of how culture influences psychological processes.