AC HPAT Prep Exam Questions and Correct Answers – Cellular Respiration, Genetics, Ecology, Systems

Description: This document contains AC HPAT prep questions and correct answers covering cell biology, genetics, human body systems, ecology, and photosynthesis. Includes key definitions, examples, and processes relevant to HPAT candidates. Most of the cell membrane's specific functions are controlled by: - answerProteins Alcoholic Fermentation is a form of: - answerAnaerobic Respiration Phagocytosis is a form of: - answerEndocytosis What is a pyruvate? - answerPyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. What are the small spherical bodies within a cell where proteins are assembled according to genetic instructions? Page1 - answerRibosomes What is the structural and functional unit of life? - answerThe cell What is a prokaryotic cell? - answerA cell that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles What is a eukaryotic cell? - answerA cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles What is cellular respiration? - answerA catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which sometimes oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with an organic fuel. At times, the process proceeds without oxygen, but this is less efficient. What is anaerobic respiration? - answerA form of cellular respiration that does not involve oxygen. What is aerobic respiration? - answerForm of cellular respiration which requires oxygen to generate energy. Name the four types of transport that allow small molecules to move across the cell membrane: - answerDiffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, and Passive Transport. Prokaryotes often reproduce by: - answerBinary Fission What is binary fission? - answerA form of asexual reproduction in which the parent divides into two identical halves. What is cytokinesis? - answerThe division of cytoplasm into two identical daughter cells, which occurs during the telophase stage of mitosis. What is a haploid cell? - answerA cell that contains one set of chromosomes What is a diploid cell? - answerA cell that contains two sets of chromosomes What is chromatin? - answerThe substance of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed, consisting of mostly proteins, DNA, and RNA. What is a centriole? - Page2 answera cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. What is a chromosome? - answerA structure carrying genes is a linear sequence, found in the nucleus, consisting of DNA and protein. What is DNA? - answerA double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. It makes up the genetic material of most living organisms and plays a role in determining heredity. What is RNA? - answerA single-stranded nucleic acid molecule involved in protein synthesis. It is responsible for carrying the genetic code transcribed for DNA to specialized sites within the cell where the information is translated into protein composition. What is a nucleotide? - answerA nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are polymers made of long chains of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. What is transcription? - answerTranscription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). ... This complex initiates transcription, and the RNA polymerase begins mRNA synthesis by matching