Early Childhood Development Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers

Prenatal development - ANSWERSNearly all major organs and limbs are formed before we are born Development at birth - ANSWERSBillions of neurons formed, brain is 30% of adult size Human development is shaped by a dynamic and continuous interaction between biology and experience. - ANSWERSLow birth weight babies - can be caused by genetics and/or environment Culture influences every aspect of human development and is reflected in childrearing beliefs and practices designed to promote healthy adaptation - ANSWERSU.S. is getting more diverse - many more Hispanic people, less white people - child care arrangements vary by race - Hispanics use mostly maternal relatives, blacks and whites use mostly parents The growth of self-regulation is the cornerstone of early childhood development and cuts across all domains of behavior - ANSWERSChildren in poverty have the most behavioral problems. Exuberant children are underregulated - have behavioral/attention problems Human relationships, and the effects of relationships on relationships, are the building blocks of healthy development - ANSWERSattachment relationships - family structure - neglect is very high among children ages 0-3 Human development is shaped by the ongoing interplay among sources of vulnerability and sources of resilience. - ANSWERSenvironmental risks, multiple risk factors especially for children in poverty, improvements - less teen pregnancies, lower blood-lead levels, less infant mortality Risk factor - ANSWERSattributes of people, relationships, or contexts associated with risk Stressor - ANSWERSsomething that exceeds individual's capacity to maintain good functioning Adversity - ANSWERSability to cope with stressors and restore equilibrium severely challenged Protective Factor - ANSWERSattributes of people, relationships or contexts particularly associated with positive outcomes in the context of risk/adversity Promotive factor - ANSWERSattributes of people, relationships or contexts particularly associated with positive outcomes regardless of risk Vulnerability - ANSWERSattribute of person that makes him/her susceptible to negative outcome in context of risk/adversity Resilience and factors that predict it - ANSWERSpositive adaptation in the context of risk or adversity Positive adaptation means better than expected outcomes given level of risk 1. Individual must face significant risk/adversity 2. Individual must adapt positively despite risk Can be predicted by good temperament, high attention span, early success in a hobby, attraction to novelty, smaller families, close bond with adult caregiver Double Jeopardy - ANSWERSLow Birth weight babies face a double jeopardy of biological risks and environmental risks. Often born into poverty, maternal health problems, poor health care, and are difficult babies with slower development → insecure parent child attachment, lower IQ, attention and behavior problems Bioecological model and its parts (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem, proximal processes) - ANSWERSDevelopment occurs in nested, interactive systems Development is driven by proximal processes The effects of proximal processes depend on characteristics of child and environment Proximal processes = progressively more complex, enduring, reciprocal interactions between a human and the persons, objects, or symbols in the microsystem Microsystem - direct environment in child's life - family, child care, neighborhood playground Mesosystem - relationships between parts of microsystem Exosystem - environmental settings in which child is not directly involved but still affect child - parent's workplace, neighbors Macrosystem - larger cultural context - laws, public policies, customs, culture Chronosystem - time period Gene-environment correlations (3 types and example of each) - ANSWERSGenes impact environment Passive g-e = genes passed from parent to child determine environment and outcomes - parents and child's shared genes for high IQ drive higher quality of stimulation and child IQ Evocative - genetically influenced behavior elicits different responses from environment - child's genes for high IQ evoke higher quality of stimulation Active g-e - genetically based propensities drive selection of environment - child's genes for musical ability compel him to engage in musical activities and drive his performance