CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY (EPPP) NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM
2020/2026 WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
Clinical Psychology - - the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological and
behavioral disorders
Assumptions of Psychodynamic Therapies - - human behavior is motivated by
unconscious processes
- early development has a profound effect on adult functioning
- universal principles explain personality development and behavior
- insight into unconscious processes is a key component of therapy
Freudian Psychoanalysis - - human beings are determined by irrational forces,
unconscious motivations, biological and instinctual needs and drives, and
psychosexual events that occur during the first five years of life
Freud's Personality Theory - - composed of two theories: structural (drive) theory
and developmental theory
Structural Theory
(Freud) - - the personality is composed of three structures: the id, ego, and
superego
Id - - present at birth and consists of the person's life and death instincts
- operates on pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual
drives in order to avoid tension
Ego - - develops at six months of age
- operates ont eh reality principle that defers gratifcation until an appropriate object is
available in reality and employs thinking
- mediates conflicting demands of pleasure and reality
Superego - - develops between four and five years
- represents an internalization of society's values and standards
- attempts to permanently block socially unacceptable drives
Developmental Theory
(Freud) - - emphasizes the sexual drives of the id and proposes that an individual's
personality is formed during childhood as a result of certain experiences during
psychosexual stages of development
,- over or undergratification of a person's sexual needs during a stage is associated
with different personality outcomes
Oral Stage - - Freud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age
2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary
pleasure center.
Anal Stage - - Freud's second stage of psychosexual development where the
primary sexual focus is on the elimination or holding onto feces. The stage is often
thought of as representing a child's ability to control his or her own world.
Phallic Stage - - Freud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4
through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals.
Latency Stage - - Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development where
sexuality is repressed in the unconscious and children focus on identifying with their
same sex parent and interact with same sex peers.
Genital Stage - - Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of
puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface
(at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).
Defense Mechanisms - - occur when the ego is unable to ward off danger through
rational, realistic means
- these operate on an unconscious level and deny or distort reality
(danger or anxiety helps alert the ego to impending threats, such as conflict between
the id and the superego)
Repression - - defense mechanism in which id's drives are excluded from
conscious awareness by maintaining them in the unconscious
Reaction Formation - - defense mechanism in which one avoids an anxiety evoking
instict by doing the opposite
View of Psychopathology
(Freudian) - - maladaptive behavior results from an unconscious, unresolved conflict
that occurred during childhood
Psychoanalytic Therapy - - goal is to reduce symptoms by bringing the unconscious
into conscious awareness and integrating previously repressed material into the
personality
- use free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences to confront, clarify,
interpret, and work through
Free Associations - - a method in psychotherapy where a patient is encouraged to
sit back, relax, free his/her mind, refrain from trying to be logical, and report every
image or idea that enters his/her awareness, usually in response to some word or
picture that the therapist provides as an initial stimulus
, Psychic Determinism - - belief that all behaviors are meaningful and serve some
psychological function
- ex slips of tongue (parapraxes) are expressions of unconscious motives
Psychoanalytic Therapy:
Confrontation - - making statements that help the client see her behavior in a new
way
Psychoanalytic Therapy:
Clarification - - restating the client's remarks and feelings in clearer terms
Psychoanalytic Therapy:
Interpretation - - more explicitly connecting current behavior to unconscious
processes
- more effective when they address motives and conflicts that are close to
consciousness
Psychoanalytic Therapy:
Working Through - - following cathartic release of recalling unconscious materials
that contribute to behavior, client gradually assimilates new insights into his
personality
- longest stage of therapy
Transference - - patient's response to the therapist's actual behavior and attempt to
imbue that behavior with personal meaning
Countertransference - - not just the therapist's distorted response to the patient, but
a potential source of information about the patient and contributor to the curative
process
Assumptions of Alder's Individual Psychology - - disagreed with emphasis on role of
unconscious instinctual forces
- states all behavior is goal directed and purposeful
- behavior is largely motivated by a person's future goals rather than past events
Alder's Individual Psychology:
Inferiority - - develops during childhood as the result of real or percieved biological,
psychological, or social weakness
Alder's Individual Psychology:
Superiority - - inherent tendency to stive toward "perfect completion"
Alder's Individual Psychology:
Style of Life - - the ways a person chooses to compensate for inferiority and achieve
superiority determine this and impact a person's personality
- impacted by early experiences, such as family context
Healthy Style of Life
(Alder) - - life is marked by goals that reflect optimism and confidence and
contributing to welfare of others
2020/2026 WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
Clinical Psychology - - the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological and
behavioral disorders
Assumptions of Psychodynamic Therapies - - human behavior is motivated by
unconscious processes
- early development has a profound effect on adult functioning
- universal principles explain personality development and behavior
- insight into unconscious processes is a key component of therapy
Freudian Psychoanalysis - - human beings are determined by irrational forces,
unconscious motivations, biological and instinctual needs and drives, and
psychosexual events that occur during the first five years of life
Freud's Personality Theory - - composed of two theories: structural (drive) theory
and developmental theory
Structural Theory
(Freud) - - the personality is composed of three structures: the id, ego, and
superego
Id - - present at birth and consists of the person's life and death instincts
- operates on pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual
drives in order to avoid tension
Ego - - develops at six months of age
- operates ont eh reality principle that defers gratifcation until an appropriate object is
available in reality and employs thinking
- mediates conflicting demands of pleasure and reality
Superego - - develops between four and five years
- represents an internalization of society's values and standards
- attempts to permanently block socially unacceptable drives
Developmental Theory
(Freud) - - emphasizes the sexual drives of the id and proposes that an individual's
personality is formed during childhood as a result of certain experiences during
psychosexual stages of development
,- over or undergratification of a person's sexual needs during a stage is associated
with different personality outcomes
Oral Stage - - Freud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age
2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary
pleasure center.
Anal Stage - - Freud's second stage of psychosexual development where the
primary sexual focus is on the elimination or holding onto feces. The stage is often
thought of as representing a child's ability to control his or her own world.
Phallic Stage - - Freud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4
through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals.
Latency Stage - - Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development where
sexuality is repressed in the unconscious and children focus on identifying with their
same sex parent and interact with same sex peers.
Genital Stage - - Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of
puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface
(at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).
Defense Mechanisms - - occur when the ego is unable to ward off danger through
rational, realistic means
- these operate on an unconscious level and deny or distort reality
(danger or anxiety helps alert the ego to impending threats, such as conflict between
the id and the superego)
Repression - - defense mechanism in which id's drives are excluded from
conscious awareness by maintaining them in the unconscious
Reaction Formation - - defense mechanism in which one avoids an anxiety evoking
instict by doing the opposite
View of Psychopathology
(Freudian) - - maladaptive behavior results from an unconscious, unresolved conflict
that occurred during childhood
Psychoanalytic Therapy - - goal is to reduce symptoms by bringing the unconscious
into conscious awareness and integrating previously repressed material into the
personality
- use free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences to confront, clarify,
interpret, and work through
Free Associations - - a method in psychotherapy where a patient is encouraged to
sit back, relax, free his/her mind, refrain from trying to be logical, and report every
image or idea that enters his/her awareness, usually in response to some word or
picture that the therapist provides as an initial stimulus
, Psychic Determinism - - belief that all behaviors are meaningful and serve some
psychological function
- ex slips of tongue (parapraxes) are expressions of unconscious motives
Psychoanalytic Therapy:
Confrontation - - making statements that help the client see her behavior in a new
way
Psychoanalytic Therapy:
Clarification - - restating the client's remarks and feelings in clearer terms
Psychoanalytic Therapy:
Interpretation - - more explicitly connecting current behavior to unconscious
processes
- more effective when they address motives and conflicts that are close to
consciousness
Psychoanalytic Therapy:
Working Through - - following cathartic release of recalling unconscious materials
that contribute to behavior, client gradually assimilates new insights into his
personality
- longest stage of therapy
Transference - - patient's response to the therapist's actual behavior and attempt to
imbue that behavior with personal meaning
Countertransference - - not just the therapist's distorted response to the patient, but
a potential source of information about the patient and contributor to the curative
process
Assumptions of Alder's Individual Psychology - - disagreed with emphasis on role of
unconscious instinctual forces
- states all behavior is goal directed and purposeful
- behavior is largely motivated by a person's future goals rather than past events
Alder's Individual Psychology:
Inferiority - - develops during childhood as the result of real or percieved biological,
psychological, or social weakness
Alder's Individual Psychology:
Superiority - - inherent tendency to stive toward "perfect completion"
Alder's Individual Psychology:
Style of Life - - the ways a person chooses to compensate for inferiority and achieve
superiority determine this and impact a person's personality
- impacted by early experiences, such as family context
Healthy Style of Life
(Alder) - - life is marked by goals that reflect optimism and confidence and
contributing to welfare of others
