2025 Updated Portage Learning
Pathophysiology NURS 231/BIOD
331 Final Exam | Certified Solutions
for All Versions August 23, 2025 Comprehensive Review
Document
,Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Core Questions and Answers from Modules and Final Review . . . . 2
2.1 Cell Changes and Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Immune System and Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Neoplasia and Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Endocrine and Musculoskeletal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.6 Additional Core Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 100 Additional Relevant Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1
, 1 Introduction
This document provides a comprehensive review for the Portage Learning Pathophysi-
ology NURS 231/BIOD 331 Final Exam, updated for 2025. It focuses on key questions
and answers drawn primarily from Quizlet resources, with simplified language to reduce
unnecessary jargon. All content has been refactored for clarity and relevance based on
the latest prompt. The core material covers essential topics like cell changes, disease pro-
cesses, organ systems, and clinical scenarios. To enhance learning, 100 additional relevant
questions and answers have been included at the end.
The document is structured into sections for easy navigation:
• Section 1: Core Questions and Answers from Modules and Final Review (Compiled
and Simplified)
• Section 2: 100 Additional Relevant Questions and Answers
This review aims to exceed 60 pages in printed format (assuming standard formatting
with 50 lines per page). Focus on practicing these questions to prepare for all exam
versions.
2 Core Questions and Answers from Modules and
Final Review
2.1 Cell Changes and Basic Concepts
1. Question: Do a bodybuilder’s muscles show hyperplasia?
Answer: No.
2. Question: Is Barrett esophagus an example of dysplasia?
Answer: No.
3. Question: Is hypertrophy an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to more
cells?
Answer: No, it is due to larger cells.
4. Question: Can a lack of nerve stimulation cause cells to shrink?
Answer: Yes.
5. Question: What is the proportion of people with a disease who test positive called?
Answer: Sensitivity.
6. Question: What is it called when a test gives the same result if done again?
Answer: Reliability.
7. Question: What does it mean for a tool to measure what it is supposed to measure?
Answer: Validity.
8. Question: What is the term for people without a disease who test negative?
Answer: Specificity.
2
Pathophysiology NURS 231/BIOD
331 Final Exam | Certified Solutions
for All Versions August 23, 2025 Comprehensive Review
Document
,Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Core Questions and Answers from Modules and Final Review . . . . 2
2.1 Cell Changes and Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Immune System and Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Neoplasia and Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Endocrine and Musculoskeletal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.6 Additional Core Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 100 Additional Relevant Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1
, 1 Introduction
This document provides a comprehensive review for the Portage Learning Pathophysi-
ology NURS 231/BIOD 331 Final Exam, updated for 2025. It focuses on key questions
and answers drawn primarily from Quizlet resources, with simplified language to reduce
unnecessary jargon. All content has been refactored for clarity and relevance based on
the latest prompt. The core material covers essential topics like cell changes, disease pro-
cesses, organ systems, and clinical scenarios. To enhance learning, 100 additional relevant
questions and answers have been included at the end.
The document is structured into sections for easy navigation:
• Section 1: Core Questions and Answers from Modules and Final Review (Compiled
and Simplified)
• Section 2: 100 Additional Relevant Questions and Answers
This review aims to exceed 60 pages in printed format (assuming standard formatting
with 50 lines per page). Focus on practicing these questions to prepare for all exam
versions.
2 Core Questions and Answers from Modules and
Final Review
2.1 Cell Changes and Basic Concepts
1. Question: Do a bodybuilder’s muscles show hyperplasia?
Answer: No.
2. Question: Is Barrett esophagus an example of dysplasia?
Answer: No.
3. Question: Is hypertrophy an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to more
cells?
Answer: No, it is due to larger cells.
4. Question: Can a lack of nerve stimulation cause cells to shrink?
Answer: Yes.
5. Question: What is the proportion of people with a disease who test positive called?
Answer: Sensitivity.
6. Question: What is it called when a test gives the same result if done again?
Answer: Reliability.
7. Question: What does it mean for a tool to measure what it is supposed to measure?
Answer: Validity.
8. Question: What is the term for people without a disease who test negative?
Answer: Specificity.
2
