TEST BANK
TEST BANK
,How Children Develop 5th Edition Siegler Test Bank
1. Describe the four major developmental processes underlying the development of a fetus:
cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. For each process,
provide an explanation of what occurs during the process as well as an example of the
process. Be sure to specify when during the development of the fetus each process
comes into play.
2. Describe a day in the life of an 8-month-old fetus. Include a description of types of
sensations seen, heard, tasted, smelled, and felt by the fetus.
3. A couple with a newborn cannot agree on how much their new baby knows about his
new world. The baby's mother insists that he does not recognize anything and that he
would not know the difference if he were suddenly transported to a different planet,
complete with different sights, sounds, smells, and so forth. The baby's father, however,
argues that the baby learned a lot while in the uterus and thus recognizes many features
of his new world. Identify which parent is more accurate, and discuss at least four pieces
of evidence to support that parent's view.
4. Describe the DeCasper and Spence Cat in the Hat study. What did they ask pregnant
women to do, and why? What did they examine in the newborns of these women? What
were their results, and what can be learned from these results?
5. Describe the differences and similarities of the effects of teratogens in the embryonic
period and in the fetal period. Explain why these differences and similarities exist.
6. Provide examples of maternal and environmental factors that affect prenatal
development.
7. Describe how birth is likely to be experienced by the fetus/newborn and explain the
functions served by squeezing the fetus/newborn as it passes through the birth canal.
8. Describe the newborn's states of arousal.
9. Describe the multiple-risk model and how it applies to the association between poverty
and birth outcomes. Be sure to give specific examples to support the description.
Page 1
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,Answer Key
1. There are four major developmental processes that underlie the transformation of a
zygote into an embryo and then to a fetus. The first is cell division. This is also known
as mitosis. Through continuous cell division during the course of pregnancy, the zygote
transforms into a newborn. The second process, called cell migration, occurs during the
embryonic period. This is where cells move away from their original location. Neurons
that originate inside of the embryonic brain travel to the outer regions of the developing
brain. The third process is called cell differentiation. Initially, all embryonic cells are
interchangeable and equivalent and are referred to as stem cells. The cells then start to
specialize in terms of function and structure. One key determinant is when cells are
turned on or expressed. Another is the cells location. The fourth developmental process
is cell death. The selective death of certain cells is genetically programmed and is called
apoptosis. This is needed for certain features to fully develop, such as fingers. The
webbing between the fingers needs to die off, so to speak, for the fingers to actually
form.
2. While it is not completely dark inside of the womb, what the 8-month-old fetus can see
is limited. The fetus does experience touch or tactile stimulation as a result of its own
activity. The fetus can also bump and push into the wall of the uterus. By 8 months, the
fetus can also respond to maternal movements. This suggests that the fetus's vestibular
systems are functioning prior to birth. The fetus can also taste the flavors that are
contained in amniotic fluid and shows a preference for sweet flavors. The amniotic fluid
also has an odor and often reflects the diet of the mother. The fetus is able to experience
these smells. The fetus also hears sound and noise while in the womb. The prenatal
environment includes maternal sounds related to the mothers' digestive system,
heartbeat, and so on. The fetus can also hear the mother speaking. By 8 months the fetus
can also detect noises outside of the mother's body and of her talking, more external
sounds.
3. Research has demonstrated that the fetus is able to learn from its prenatal experiences
during the last trimester of pregnancy, after the central nervous system has developed in
order to support learning. Evidence of fetal learning comes from studies of habituation,
which involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation. Fetuses as
young as 30 weeks of gestation have shown habituation to visual and auditory stimuli.
With this learning ability, fetuses learn the sound of their mothers' voice. They also
remember the smell of the amniotic fluid that they were in. They also remember other
sounds they heard prenatally.
4. DeCasper and Spence (1986) asked pregnant women to read aloud twice a day from The
Cat in the Hat during the last 6 weeks of their pregnancy. The researchers wanted to
know if the infant would recognize the story after birth. After birth, the researchers then
tested the newborns. The infants were fitted with miniature headphones and given a
special pacifier to suck on. When the infants sucked in one particular pattern, they heard
the familiar story through the headphones, but when they sucked in a different pattern,
they heard an unfamiliar story. The babies quickly increased their sucking in the pattern
that enabled them to hear the story. Based on these results, it is obvious that fetuses are
listening to their environment and learning from their experiences.
5. A teratogen is an external agent that can cause damage or death during prenatal
Page 2
, development. The effects of teratogen exposure during prenatal development can vary
based on the timing of exposure. For instance, exposure during the embryonic period
may result in major structural abnormalities while exposure during the fetal period may
result in physiological defects and minor structure abnormalities. Also, many teratogens
cause damage only if they are present during a sensitive period in prenatal development.
The major organ systems are most vulnerable to damage at the time when their basic
structures are being formed.
6. Environmental factors that can be detrimental to prenatal development include exposure
to lead, which can lead to reduced intelligence and the development of
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. It is also related to miscarriage,
preterm birth, and low birth rate. Maternal factors that can impede prenatal development
include age, nutrition, health, and stress. For instance, infants born to mothers younger
than 15 years of age are more likely to die before their first birthday, while infants born
to mothers who are in their late 30s or 40s have an increased risk of developing fetal
chromosomal abnormalities and birth complications.
7. It is unlikely that the birth experience is painful to the fetus/newborn. The baby
experiences squeezing as it moves through the birth canal, which is not likely to be
painful. Additionally, this squeezing serves important functions. It temporarily reduces
the overall size of the fetus's large head, allowing it to pass safely through the mother's
pelvic bones. This is possible because the skull is composed of separate plates that can
overlap one another slightly during birth. The squeezing also stimulates the production
of hormones that help the fetus withstand mild oxygen deprivation during birth and to
regulate breathing after birth. The squeezing of the fetus's body also forces amniotic
fluid out of the lungs, in preparation for the newborn's first, crucial gasp of air.
8. State refers to a continuum of arousal, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity.
During a 24-hour period newborns experience a total of six states, ranging from quiet
sleep to crying. Within this general pattern, however, there is a great deal of individual
variation. Some infants cry relatively rarely, whereas others cry for hours every day;
some babies sleep much more, and others much less, than the 16-hour average. Some
infants spend more than the average of 2 1/2 hours in the awake-alert state, in which
they are fairly inactive but attentive to the environment.
9. The multiple-risk model highlights that risk factors tend to occur together. For example,
a woman who is so addicted to alcohol, cocaine, or heroin that she continues to abuse
the substance, even though she is pregnant is likely to be under a great deal of stress and
unlikely to eat well, take vitamins, earn a good income, seek prenatal care, have a strong
social support network, or take good care of herself in other ways. Furthermore,
whatever the cumulative effects of these prenatal risk factors, they will likely be
compounded after birth by the mother's continuation of her unhealthy lifestyle and by
her resulting inability to provide good care for her child. A negative developmental
outcome is more likely when there are multiple risk factors.
Page 3
TEST BANK
,How Children Develop 5th Edition Siegler Test Bank
1. Describe the four major developmental processes underlying the development of a fetus:
cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. For each process,
provide an explanation of what occurs during the process as well as an example of the
process. Be sure to specify when during the development of the fetus each process
comes into play.
2. Describe a day in the life of an 8-month-old fetus. Include a description of types of
sensations seen, heard, tasted, smelled, and felt by the fetus.
3. A couple with a newborn cannot agree on how much their new baby knows about his
new world. The baby's mother insists that he does not recognize anything and that he
would not know the difference if he were suddenly transported to a different planet,
complete with different sights, sounds, smells, and so forth. The baby's father, however,
argues that the baby learned a lot while in the uterus and thus recognizes many features
of his new world. Identify which parent is more accurate, and discuss at least four pieces
of evidence to support that parent's view.
4. Describe the DeCasper and Spence Cat in the Hat study. What did they ask pregnant
women to do, and why? What did they examine in the newborns of these women? What
were their results, and what can be learned from these results?
5. Describe the differences and similarities of the effects of teratogens in the embryonic
period and in the fetal period. Explain why these differences and similarities exist.
6. Provide examples of maternal and environmental factors that affect prenatal
development.
7. Describe how birth is likely to be experienced by the fetus/newborn and explain the
functions served by squeezing the fetus/newborn as it passes through the birth canal.
8. Describe the newborn's states of arousal.
9. Describe the multiple-risk model and how it applies to the association between poverty
and birth outcomes. Be sure to give specific examples to support the description.
Page 1
Visit TestBankDeal.com to get complete for all chapters
,Answer Key
1. There are four major developmental processes that underlie the transformation of a
zygote into an embryo and then to a fetus. The first is cell division. This is also known
as mitosis. Through continuous cell division during the course of pregnancy, the zygote
transforms into a newborn. The second process, called cell migration, occurs during the
embryonic period. This is where cells move away from their original location. Neurons
that originate inside of the embryonic brain travel to the outer regions of the developing
brain. The third process is called cell differentiation. Initially, all embryonic cells are
interchangeable and equivalent and are referred to as stem cells. The cells then start to
specialize in terms of function and structure. One key determinant is when cells are
turned on or expressed. Another is the cells location. The fourth developmental process
is cell death. The selective death of certain cells is genetically programmed and is called
apoptosis. This is needed for certain features to fully develop, such as fingers. The
webbing between the fingers needs to die off, so to speak, for the fingers to actually
form.
2. While it is not completely dark inside of the womb, what the 8-month-old fetus can see
is limited. The fetus does experience touch or tactile stimulation as a result of its own
activity. The fetus can also bump and push into the wall of the uterus. By 8 months, the
fetus can also respond to maternal movements. This suggests that the fetus's vestibular
systems are functioning prior to birth. The fetus can also taste the flavors that are
contained in amniotic fluid and shows a preference for sweet flavors. The amniotic fluid
also has an odor and often reflects the diet of the mother. The fetus is able to experience
these smells. The fetus also hears sound and noise while in the womb. The prenatal
environment includes maternal sounds related to the mothers' digestive system,
heartbeat, and so on. The fetus can also hear the mother speaking. By 8 months the fetus
can also detect noises outside of the mother's body and of her talking, more external
sounds.
3. Research has demonstrated that the fetus is able to learn from its prenatal experiences
during the last trimester of pregnancy, after the central nervous system has developed in
order to support learning. Evidence of fetal learning comes from studies of habituation,
which involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation. Fetuses as
young as 30 weeks of gestation have shown habituation to visual and auditory stimuli.
With this learning ability, fetuses learn the sound of their mothers' voice. They also
remember the smell of the amniotic fluid that they were in. They also remember other
sounds they heard prenatally.
4. DeCasper and Spence (1986) asked pregnant women to read aloud twice a day from The
Cat in the Hat during the last 6 weeks of their pregnancy. The researchers wanted to
know if the infant would recognize the story after birth. After birth, the researchers then
tested the newborns. The infants were fitted with miniature headphones and given a
special pacifier to suck on. When the infants sucked in one particular pattern, they heard
the familiar story through the headphones, but when they sucked in a different pattern,
they heard an unfamiliar story. The babies quickly increased their sucking in the pattern
that enabled them to hear the story. Based on these results, it is obvious that fetuses are
listening to their environment and learning from their experiences.
5. A teratogen is an external agent that can cause damage or death during prenatal
Page 2
, development. The effects of teratogen exposure during prenatal development can vary
based on the timing of exposure. For instance, exposure during the embryonic period
may result in major structural abnormalities while exposure during the fetal period may
result in physiological defects and minor structure abnormalities. Also, many teratogens
cause damage only if they are present during a sensitive period in prenatal development.
The major organ systems are most vulnerable to damage at the time when their basic
structures are being formed.
6. Environmental factors that can be detrimental to prenatal development include exposure
to lead, which can lead to reduced intelligence and the development of
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. It is also related to miscarriage,
preterm birth, and low birth rate. Maternal factors that can impede prenatal development
include age, nutrition, health, and stress. For instance, infants born to mothers younger
than 15 years of age are more likely to die before their first birthday, while infants born
to mothers who are in their late 30s or 40s have an increased risk of developing fetal
chromosomal abnormalities and birth complications.
7. It is unlikely that the birth experience is painful to the fetus/newborn. The baby
experiences squeezing as it moves through the birth canal, which is not likely to be
painful. Additionally, this squeezing serves important functions. It temporarily reduces
the overall size of the fetus's large head, allowing it to pass safely through the mother's
pelvic bones. This is possible because the skull is composed of separate plates that can
overlap one another slightly during birth. The squeezing also stimulates the production
of hormones that help the fetus withstand mild oxygen deprivation during birth and to
regulate breathing after birth. The squeezing of the fetus's body also forces amniotic
fluid out of the lungs, in preparation for the newborn's first, crucial gasp of air.
8. State refers to a continuum of arousal, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity.
During a 24-hour period newborns experience a total of six states, ranging from quiet
sleep to crying. Within this general pattern, however, there is a great deal of individual
variation. Some infants cry relatively rarely, whereas others cry for hours every day;
some babies sleep much more, and others much less, than the 16-hour average. Some
infants spend more than the average of 2 1/2 hours in the awake-alert state, in which
they are fairly inactive but attentive to the environment.
9. The multiple-risk model highlights that risk factors tend to occur together. For example,
a woman who is so addicted to alcohol, cocaine, or heroin that she continues to abuse
the substance, even though she is pregnant is likely to be under a great deal of stress and
unlikely to eat well, take vitamins, earn a good income, seek prenatal care, have a strong
social support network, or take good care of herself in other ways. Furthermore,
whatever the cumulative effects of these prenatal risk factors, they will likely be
compounded after birth by the mother's continuation of her unhealthy lifestyle and by
her resulting inability to provide good care for her child. A negative developmental
outcome is more likely when there are multiple risk factors.
Page 3
