NSG 533 - Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 1 - Module One Questions with
Correct Answers
Pathophysiology - ANSWERSthe study of human physiologic dysfunction in disease
etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and outcomes -
ANSWERSWhat are the five components of disease?
epidemiology - ANSWERSrisk factors and distribution in populations
etiology - ANSWERScausative mechanisms
pathogenesis - ANSWERSdisease mechanisms
clinical manifestations - ANSWERSsigns, symptoms and diagnostic criteria
outcomes - ANSWERScure, remission, chronicity, or death
etiology - ANSWERSThe "why" of the disease, what is the reason for it. May be
complex or straight forward
idiopathic - ANSWERSalso called cryptogenic, known in cause or origin
iatrogenic - ANSWERSoccurs as a results of a medical or surgical intervention (e.g.
yeast infection after getting antibiotics)
epidemiology - ANSWERSthis looks at the patterns of disease among groups or
populations. this complement represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics and looks at the incidence or prevalence of diease
incidence - ANSWERSthe number of new cases occurring in a given population with a
given time period - usually a year. can be expressed as a percentage
prevalence - ANSWERSinvolves the number of cases existing (both old and new) at a
given time period. Can be expressed as a percentage
pathogenesis - ANSWERSinvolves the sequence of events that occurs between the
stimulus events and the manifestations of the disease.
clinical manifestations - ANSWERSit is what tells an individual and their HCP that
something is wrong. Also called "signs and symptoms'
, primary prevention - ANSWERSdirected towards preventing the initial occurrence of a
disorder
Secondary and tertiary prevention - ANSWERS(2 terms) these seek to arrest or retard
existing disease and its effect through early detection and appropriate treatment - or to
reduce the occurrence of relapses and the establishment of chronic conditions
at the cellular or sub-cellular level - ANSWERSWhere does all disease begin?
lethal (irreversible) and non-lethal (reversible) - ANSWERSWhat are the two types of
cell injury?
ATP depletion, oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals, intercellular calcium and loss
of calcium steady state, and defects in membrane permeability - ANSWERSWhat are
the four categories of stressors that cause disease?
by their mechanisms of action - ANSWERSHow are the four categories of stressors that
cause disease differentiated?
ATP depletion - ANSWERSWhich of the stressors causes the most disease?
impaired energy function involving hypoxia - ANSWERSWhat do most of the ATP
depletion cases involve?
the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy (ATP), to fuel the normal activities of
that particular cell type (e.g. cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and function.
- ANSWERSWhat is ATP depletion?
Lack of oxygen is key in progression of cell injury in ischemia (reduced blood supply);
activated oxygen species (free radicals, H O , , NO) cause destruction of cell 22
membranes and cell structure - ANSWERSWhat is oxygen and oxygen-derived free
radicals?
Normally intracellular cytosolic calcium concentrations are very low; ischemia and
certain chemicals cause an increase in cytosolic Ca++ concentrations; sustained levels
of Ca++ continue to increase with damage to plasma membrane; Ca++ causes
intracellular damage by activating a number of enzymes - ANSWERSWhat is
intercellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state?
Early loss of selective membrane permeability found in all forms of cell injury -
ANSWERSWhat is the stressor "defects in membrane permeability"?
oxygen required; oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWERSWhat happens in the aerobic
phase of cell respiration?
Exam 1 - Module One Questions with
Correct Answers
Pathophysiology - ANSWERSthe study of human physiologic dysfunction in disease
etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and outcomes -
ANSWERSWhat are the five components of disease?
epidemiology - ANSWERSrisk factors and distribution in populations
etiology - ANSWERScausative mechanisms
pathogenesis - ANSWERSdisease mechanisms
clinical manifestations - ANSWERSsigns, symptoms and diagnostic criteria
outcomes - ANSWERScure, remission, chronicity, or death
etiology - ANSWERSThe "why" of the disease, what is the reason for it. May be
complex or straight forward
idiopathic - ANSWERSalso called cryptogenic, known in cause or origin
iatrogenic - ANSWERSoccurs as a results of a medical or surgical intervention (e.g.
yeast infection after getting antibiotics)
epidemiology - ANSWERSthis looks at the patterns of disease among groups or
populations. this complement represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics and looks at the incidence or prevalence of diease
incidence - ANSWERSthe number of new cases occurring in a given population with a
given time period - usually a year. can be expressed as a percentage
prevalence - ANSWERSinvolves the number of cases existing (both old and new) at a
given time period. Can be expressed as a percentage
pathogenesis - ANSWERSinvolves the sequence of events that occurs between the
stimulus events and the manifestations of the disease.
clinical manifestations - ANSWERSit is what tells an individual and their HCP that
something is wrong. Also called "signs and symptoms'
, primary prevention - ANSWERSdirected towards preventing the initial occurrence of a
disorder
Secondary and tertiary prevention - ANSWERS(2 terms) these seek to arrest or retard
existing disease and its effect through early detection and appropriate treatment - or to
reduce the occurrence of relapses and the establishment of chronic conditions
at the cellular or sub-cellular level - ANSWERSWhere does all disease begin?
lethal (irreversible) and non-lethal (reversible) - ANSWERSWhat are the two types of
cell injury?
ATP depletion, oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals, intercellular calcium and loss
of calcium steady state, and defects in membrane permeability - ANSWERSWhat are
the four categories of stressors that cause disease?
by their mechanisms of action - ANSWERSHow are the four categories of stressors that
cause disease differentiated?
ATP depletion - ANSWERSWhich of the stressors causes the most disease?
impaired energy function involving hypoxia - ANSWERSWhat do most of the ATP
depletion cases involve?
the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy (ATP), to fuel the normal activities of
that particular cell type (e.g. cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and function.
- ANSWERSWhat is ATP depletion?
Lack of oxygen is key in progression of cell injury in ischemia (reduced blood supply);
activated oxygen species (free radicals, H O , , NO) cause destruction of cell 22
membranes and cell structure - ANSWERSWhat is oxygen and oxygen-derived free
radicals?
Normally intracellular cytosolic calcium concentrations are very low; ischemia and
certain chemicals cause an increase in cytosolic Ca++ concentrations; sustained levels
of Ca++ continue to increase with damage to plasma membrane; Ca++ causes
intracellular damage by activating a number of enzymes - ANSWERSWhat is
intercellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state?
Early loss of selective membrane permeability found in all forms of cell injury -
ANSWERSWhat is the stressor "defects in membrane permeability"?
oxygen required; oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWERSWhat happens in the aerobic
phase of cell respiration?
