PSYCH 1111 TRU Final Exam |316 Questions with
Solutions
empirical - -relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement
-psychology - -the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
-psychobabble - -Pseudoscience and quackery covered by a veneer of psychological and
scientific-sounding language
-critical thinking - -The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective
judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or
anecdote
-Occams Razor - -The principle of choosing the solution that accounts for the most
evidence while making the fewest unverified assumptions.
-phrenology - -The now discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific
character and personality traits, which can be "read" from bumps on the skull.
-structuralism - -early psych approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate
experiences into basic elements
-functionalism - -an early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose
of behavior and consciousness
-psychoanalysis - -Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to
unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders
by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
-biological perspective - -approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated
with actions feelings and thoughts
-evolutionary psychology - -emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and
"survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior
-learning perspective - -emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a
person/animal actions
-behaviorism - -emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the
environment and prior experiences as determinant of behavior
-cognitive perspective - -A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in
perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior
,-socioculture perspective - -perspective that focuses on the relationship between social
behavior and culture
-psychodynamic perspective - -emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual,
such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy
-humanist psychology - -a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth,
resilience, and the achievement of human potential
-feminist psychology - -a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social
inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes
-psychological practice - -providing health or mental health services
-basic psychology - -the study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its
own sake rather than for its practical application
-applied psychology - -The study of psychological issues that have direct practical
significance; also, the application of psychological findings.
-psychotherapist - -
-psychoanalyst - -a person who has obtained specialized training at a psychoanalysis
institute
-psychiatrist - -A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of
psychological disorders
-theory - -an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a
specified set of phenomena and interrelationships
-operational definition - -A precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which specifies the
operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined.
-principle of falsifiability - -The principle that a scientific theory must make predictions
that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation; that is,
the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen.
-confirmation bias - -the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that
confirms one's own belief
-representative sample - -A group of individuals, selected from a population for study,
which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex.
, -descriptive methods - -methods that yield descriptions of behaviors but not necessarily
casual explanations
-case study - -a detailed description or particular individual being studied or treated
-observational study - -a study in which the researcher carefully and systematically
observes and records behavior without interfering with the behavior; it may involve either
naturalistic or laboratory observation
-psychological tests - -procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits,
emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values
-standardize - -to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test
-norms - -established standard of performance
-reliability - -consistency of scores derived from one time and place to another
-validitiy - -the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
-surveys - -Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their
experiences, attitudes, or opinions.
-volunteer bias - -a shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of
a representative sample; the volunteers may differ from those who did not volunteer
-correlation study - -a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between
two phenomena
-correlation - -a measure of how strongly two variable are related to one another
-variables - -characteristics of behavior or experience that can be measured or described
by a numeric scale
-positive correlation - -an association between increases in one variable and increases in
another- or between decreases in one and in another
-negative correlation - -an association between increases in one variable and decreases in
another
-coefficient of correlation - -a measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to
+1.00
-experiment - -a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one
variable to discover its effect on another
Solutions
empirical - -relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement
-psychology - -the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
-psychobabble - -Pseudoscience and quackery covered by a veneer of psychological and
scientific-sounding language
-critical thinking - -The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective
judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or
anecdote
-Occams Razor - -The principle of choosing the solution that accounts for the most
evidence while making the fewest unverified assumptions.
-phrenology - -The now discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific
character and personality traits, which can be "read" from bumps on the skull.
-structuralism - -early psych approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate
experiences into basic elements
-functionalism - -an early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose
of behavior and consciousness
-psychoanalysis - -Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to
unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders
by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
-biological perspective - -approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated
with actions feelings and thoughts
-evolutionary psychology - -emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and
"survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior
-learning perspective - -emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a
person/animal actions
-behaviorism - -emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the
environment and prior experiences as determinant of behavior
-cognitive perspective - -A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in
perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior
,-socioculture perspective - -perspective that focuses on the relationship between social
behavior and culture
-psychodynamic perspective - -emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual,
such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy
-humanist psychology - -a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth,
resilience, and the achievement of human potential
-feminist psychology - -a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social
inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes
-psychological practice - -providing health or mental health services
-basic psychology - -the study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its
own sake rather than for its practical application
-applied psychology - -The study of psychological issues that have direct practical
significance; also, the application of psychological findings.
-psychotherapist - -
-psychoanalyst - -a person who has obtained specialized training at a psychoanalysis
institute
-psychiatrist - -A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of
psychological disorders
-theory - -an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a
specified set of phenomena and interrelationships
-operational definition - -A precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which specifies the
operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined.
-principle of falsifiability - -The principle that a scientific theory must make predictions
that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation; that is,
the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen.
-confirmation bias - -the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that
confirms one's own belief
-representative sample - -A group of individuals, selected from a population for study,
which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex.
, -descriptive methods - -methods that yield descriptions of behaviors but not necessarily
casual explanations
-case study - -a detailed description or particular individual being studied or treated
-observational study - -a study in which the researcher carefully and systematically
observes and records behavior without interfering with the behavior; it may involve either
naturalistic or laboratory observation
-psychological tests - -procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits,
emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values
-standardize - -to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test
-norms - -established standard of performance
-reliability - -consistency of scores derived from one time and place to another
-validitiy - -the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
-surveys - -Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their
experiences, attitudes, or opinions.
-volunteer bias - -a shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of
a representative sample; the volunteers may differ from those who did not volunteer
-correlation study - -a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between
two phenomena
-correlation - -a measure of how strongly two variable are related to one another
-variables - -characteristics of behavior or experience that can be measured or described
by a numeric scale
-positive correlation - -an association between increases in one variable and increases in
another- or between decreases in one and in another
-negative correlation - -an association between increases in one variable and decreases in
another
-coefficient of correlation - -a measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to
+1.00
-experiment - -a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one
variable to discover its effect on another
