Psychology 2301 Final Exam Review |285
Questions with Solutions
define psychology - -the scientific study of mind and behavior
-define the scientific method and explain how it is used in psychology - -scientific method:
is the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures
scientists collect, organize, and draw conclusions from data
data: information collected through formal observation or measurement
-what are the major schools of thought and theoretical perspectives in psychology - -
biological psychology, behaviorism, psychoanalysis (psychodynamic), humanistic
psychology, cognitive psychology, evolutionary psychology, sociocultural psychology
-behaviorism - -focus on observable behavior//experiences shape behavior//law of
learning
-psychoanalysis - -treatment based on psychodynamic (psychoanalytic)
theory//unconscious conflicts are interpreted by the analyst//interpretation of dreams;
free association//founder: Freud
-humanistic psychology - -free will//self esteem//self-actualization
-cognitive perspective - -includes information processing//computer metaphor//Piaget
-evolutionary psychology - -fitness for survival//reproduction//natural selection
-biological pyschology - -interaction between biology and behavior: brain, nervous system,
endocrine system, genetics, nutrition, exercise, stress
-sociocultural approach - -humans influenced by: social situations and culture... also the
differences in these two
-what are the research methods - -naturalistic observation, laboratory observations, case
study, survey, correlation, correlation coefficient
-case study - -in depth study of one or more individual's experiences and behavior
-survey - -interview or questionnaire about measuring beliefs or behaviors in a sample
group
, -naturalistic observation - -research based on the observation of everyday events (natural
settings)
-laboratory observation - -descriptive research conducted observation of behavior in
controlled setting
-correlation - -a relationship between variables
-correlation coefficient - -the strength and direction of a linear relationship. it ranges from
-1 to +1
-sample - -the people chosen to participate in a research project
-population - -the people the researcher wants to know about
-experimental method - -research to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between
variables
-independent variable - -the causing variable, manipulated by the experimenter
-dependent variable - -the measured variable that is expected to be influence by the
experimental manipulation
-hypothesis - -states how the independent variable will cause the dependent variable to
change
-experimental group - -exposed to the experimental manipulation
-control group - -not exposed to the experimental manipulation (or exposed to a different
level of the manipulation)
-random assignment - -participants have an equal chance of being in either group. they are
assigned to groups randomly
-placebo - -a control group which receives an inactive treatment
-placebo effects - -changes caused by participant expectations
-double blind technique - -both the researcher and the research participants are blind to
condition
-experimenter bias - -the influence of the experimenter's expectations on the outcome of
research
, -outline the ethical standards that psychological researchers must follow - -minimize
harm//voluntary participation//protect privacy//informed consent--tell them about
research and that they can quit//minimize deception//debriefing
-psychiatrists - -M.D.//physicians can prescribe drugs
-psychologists - -Ph.D. or Psy. D//research, teaching, or therapy
-neurons (nerve cells) - -transmit and receive neural impulses
-dendrite - -receives information
-cell body (soma) - -nucleus, keeps cell alive
-axon - -transmits information to another neuron
-resting potential - -interior of neuron has more negative ions and no signal is being
transmitted
-action potential - -a brief electrical impulse that along the axon when positive ions rush in
-communication between neurons - -electrical impulse terminal buttons at the end of an
axon//neurotransmitter chemicals produced
-synapse - -gap or junction between neurons where neurotransmitter chemicals cross to
receptor sites on dendrites
-neurotransmitters - -chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the
terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next
neuron
-acetylcholine - -memory, sleep; Alzheimer's
-norepinephrine - -stress, learning, ADHD, depression
-dopamine - -pleasure, learning, emotion, motivation, movement; Schizophrenia
-serotonin - -mood, appetite, sleep, depression
-endorphins - -pain reliever; drug addiction
-neurotransmitter chemicals - -affect learning, memory, mood, behavior and mental illness
-brain stem - -breathing, attention, basic functions; innermost
-medulla - -breathing, heart rate
Questions with Solutions
define psychology - -the scientific study of mind and behavior
-define the scientific method and explain how it is used in psychology - -scientific method:
is the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures
scientists collect, organize, and draw conclusions from data
data: information collected through formal observation or measurement
-what are the major schools of thought and theoretical perspectives in psychology - -
biological psychology, behaviorism, psychoanalysis (psychodynamic), humanistic
psychology, cognitive psychology, evolutionary psychology, sociocultural psychology
-behaviorism - -focus on observable behavior//experiences shape behavior//law of
learning
-psychoanalysis - -treatment based on psychodynamic (psychoanalytic)
theory//unconscious conflicts are interpreted by the analyst//interpretation of dreams;
free association//founder: Freud
-humanistic psychology - -free will//self esteem//self-actualization
-cognitive perspective - -includes information processing//computer metaphor//Piaget
-evolutionary psychology - -fitness for survival//reproduction//natural selection
-biological pyschology - -interaction between biology and behavior: brain, nervous system,
endocrine system, genetics, nutrition, exercise, stress
-sociocultural approach - -humans influenced by: social situations and culture... also the
differences in these two
-what are the research methods - -naturalistic observation, laboratory observations, case
study, survey, correlation, correlation coefficient
-case study - -in depth study of one or more individual's experiences and behavior
-survey - -interview or questionnaire about measuring beliefs or behaviors in a sample
group
, -naturalistic observation - -research based on the observation of everyday events (natural
settings)
-laboratory observation - -descriptive research conducted observation of behavior in
controlled setting
-correlation - -a relationship between variables
-correlation coefficient - -the strength and direction of a linear relationship. it ranges from
-1 to +1
-sample - -the people chosen to participate in a research project
-population - -the people the researcher wants to know about
-experimental method - -research to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between
variables
-independent variable - -the causing variable, manipulated by the experimenter
-dependent variable - -the measured variable that is expected to be influence by the
experimental manipulation
-hypothesis - -states how the independent variable will cause the dependent variable to
change
-experimental group - -exposed to the experimental manipulation
-control group - -not exposed to the experimental manipulation (or exposed to a different
level of the manipulation)
-random assignment - -participants have an equal chance of being in either group. they are
assigned to groups randomly
-placebo - -a control group which receives an inactive treatment
-placebo effects - -changes caused by participant expectations
-double blind technique - -both the researcher and the research participants are blind to
condition
-experimenter bias - -the influence of the experimenter's expectations on the outcome of
research
, -outline the ethical standards that psychological researchers must follow - -minimize
harm//voluntary participation//protect privacy//informed consent--tell them about
research and that they can quit//minimize deception//debriefing
-psychiatrists - -M.D.//physicians can prescribe drugs
-psychologists - -Ph.D. or Psy. D//research, teaching, or therapy
-neurons (nerve cells) - -transmit and receive neural impulses
-dendrite - -receives information
-cell body (soma) - -nucleus, keeps cell alive
-axon - -transmits information to another neuron
-resting potential - -interior of neuron has more negative ions and no signal is being
transmitted
-action potential - -a brief electrical impulse that along the axon when positive ions rush in
-communication between neurons - -electrical impulse terminal buttons at the end of an
axon//neurotransmitter chemicals produced
-synapse - -gap or junction between neurons where neurotransmitter chemicals cross to
receptor sites on dendrites
-neurotransmitters - -chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the
terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next
neuron
-acetylcholine - -memory, sleep; Alzheimer's
-norepinephrine - -stress, learning, ADHD, depression
-dopamine - -pleasure, learning, emotion, motivation, movement; Schizophrenia
-serotonin - -mood, appetite, sleep, depression
-endorphins - -pain reliever; drug addiction
-neurotransmitter chemicals - -affect learning, memory, mood, behavior and mental illness
-brain stem - -breathing, attention, basic functions; innermost
-medulla - -breathing, heart rate
