GCU BIO322 Exam 1 (Pathophysiology) – Questions
With Fully Explained Solutions
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Correct Answer - X-LINKED RECESSIVE
XmY = Affected
XmX = Female, Carrier
Gower sign
calf pseudohypertrophy, lordosis
Increase in Creatine Kinase
Idiopathic Correct Answer - unknown cause
Iatrogenic Correct Answer - produced by treatment (ex. chemo)
Noscomial Correct Answer - infection acquired in a hospital
2 most common nosocomial infections Correct Answer - 1. UTI
2. Pneumonia
Predisposing Factors Correct Answer - age, sex, environment, lifestyle,
heredity
SOAP Correct Answer - subjective (chief complain), objective
(vitals/physical exam), assessment (diagnosis), plan
Hypertonic & Hypotonic Correct Answer - Hypertonic: Cells shrink (ex.
dehydration)
Hypotonic: Cells swell (ex. inflammation - edema)
3 Electrolytes to know: Correct Answer - Sodium: wants to come in
Potassium: wants to leave
Calcium: wants to come in
5 signs of inflammation Correct Answer - heat, redness, swelling, pain,
loss of function
Hyperemia Correct Answer - redness of the skin due to increased blood
flow, causes heat in the area
, Atrophy Correct Answer - decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy Correct Answer - increase in cell size, increased work
demand on hormones
ex. cardiomegaly due to Hypertension
Hyperplasia Correct Answer - increase in number of cells, increased rate
of cellular division
ex. BPH, callus
Metaplasia Correct Answer - reversible replacement of one mature cell
type by another less mature cell type
ex. Barret's esophagus, Bronchial metaplasia
Dysplasia Correct Answer - abnormal development or growth of cells,
tissues, or organs
ex. cervical dysplasia as seen on pap smear
Cell stressors = causes of cell injury Correct Answer - - Hypoxic injury
(lack of Oxygen) - MCC
- Unintentional/Intentional physical trauma
- Free radicals & reactive oxygen species (ROS) - oxidative stress
- Ionizing Radiation (X-rays, UV rays)
- Nutritional Imbalances (Kwashiorkor, Vit. A toxicity)
Nutritional Imbalances Correct Answer - excesses or deficiencies
- Saturated Fats - Atherosclerosis
- Sugar - Type II Diabetes
- Iron, Vit. B9 (folic acid), Vit. B12 - Anemia
- Vit. C - Scurvy
- Vit. B1 (Thiamine) - Beriberi
- Vit. B3 (Niacin) - Pellagra (S/S: 3 D's: Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea)
- Protein (Albumin) lack of albumin = lack of osmotic pressure -
Kwashiorkor's
- Calories (proteins, sugars, & fats) - Marasmus
Free Radicals Correct Answer - electronically uncharged atom or group
of atoms having an unpaired electron (unstable)
With Fully Explained Solutions
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Correct Answer - X-LINKED RECESSIVE
XmY = Affected
XmX = Female, Carrier
Gower sign
calf pseudohypertrophy, lordosis
Increase in Creatine Kinase
Idiopathic Correct Answer - unknown cause
Iatrogenic Correct Answer - produced by treatment (ex. chemo)
Noscomial Correct Answer - infection acquired in a hospital
2 most common nosocomial infections Correct Answer - 1. UTI
2. Pneumonia
Predisposing Factors Correct Answer - age, sex, environment, lifestyle,
heredity
SOAP Correct Answer - subjective (chief complain), objective
(vitals/physical exam), assessment (diagnosis), plan
Hypertonic & Hypotonic Correct Answer - Hypertonic: Cells shrink (ex.
dehydration)
Hypotonic: Cells swell (ex. inflammation - edema)
3 Electrolytes to know: Correct Answer - Sodium: wants to come in
Potassium: wants to leave
Calcium: wants to come in
5 signs of inflammation Correct Answer - heat, redness, swelling, pain,
loss of function
Hyperemia Correct Answer - redness of the skin due to increased blood
flow, causes heat in the area
, Atrophy Correct Answer - decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy Correct Answer - increase in cell size, increased work
demand on hormones
ex. cardiomegaly due to Hypertension
Hyperplasia Correct Answer - increase in number of cells, increased rate
of cellular division
ex. BPH, callus
Metaplasia Correct Answer - reversible replacement of one mature cell
type by another less mature cell type
ex. Barret's esophagus, Bronchial metaplasia
Dysplasia Correct Answer - abnormal development or growth of cells,
tissues, or organs
ex. cervical dysplasia as seen on pap smear
Cell stressors = causes of cell injury Correct Answer - - Hypoxic injury
(lack of Oxygen) - MCC
- Unintentional/Intentional physical trauma
- Free radicals & reactive oxygen species (ROS) - oxidative stress
- Ionizing Radiation (X-rays, UV rays)
- Nutritional Imbalances (Kwashiorkor, Vit. A toxicity)
Nutritional Imbalances Correct Answer - excesses or deficiencies
- Saturated Fats - Atherosclerosis
- Sugar - Type II Diabetes
- Iron, Vit. B9 (folic acid), Vit. B12 - Anemia
- Vit. C - Scurvy
- Vit. B1 (Thiamine) - Beriberi
- Vit. B3 (Niacin) - Pellagra (S/S: 3 D's: Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea)
- Protein (Albumin) lack of albumin = lack of osmotic pressure -
Kwashiorkor's
- Calories (proteins, sugars, & fats) - Marasmus
Free Radicals Correct Answer - electronically uncharged atom or group
of atoms having an unpaired electron (unstable)
