NUR 373 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
As a nurse, what is involved in pre-procedure teaching when
preparing children for procedures? Correct Answers -
Establish trust and provide support.
- Modify teaching to consider developmental level of child.
- Use simple, common, and appropriate language.
- Always address the 5 W's = what, why, who, where, and when.
Compare adult breathing to pediatric breathing. Correct
Answers ADULT VS. PEDIATRIC
- Breathe through nose/mouth vs. obligatory nose breathers
(neonates)
- Mature intercostal muscles vs. rely on diaphragm
- Rigid chest wall vs. pliable chest wall
- Regular rates vs. age determined rates
- Regular respirations vs. irregular respirations
- Greater energy reserves vs. easily fatigued
- Normal tidal volume vs. lower tidal volume
- Normal residual capacity vs. less residual capacity
NOTE: In general, respiratory distress is not so significant to
adults because we have many ways to compensate but
children/infants do not.
Compare depression and anxiety. Correct Answers
DEPRESSION:
- Onset at any age
- Early morning wakening
- Symptoms worse in AM
,- Predominant hopelessness
- Blames self (internal worries)
- Worries past-oriented
- Suicide is common
ANXIETY:
- Onset early to midlife
- Trouble falling asleep
- Symptoms worse late in day
- Predominant helplessness
- Blames others (external worries)
- Worries future-oriented
- Suicide less likely (except in panic disorder)
Describe "anemia" and explain its significance in pediatrics.
Correct Answers - Lower than normal number of RBCs and/or
Hgb.
- Decreased O2-carrying capacity of blood.
- Most common hematological disorder of infancy and
childhood.
- Can result from blood loss, low RBC production, high RBC
destruction.
NOTE: Diagnostic tests include CBC (RBC, Hgb, reticulocyte,
peripheral blood smear).
Describe "cognitive impairment" and list some possible causes
and nursing care implications. Correct Answers Cognitive
impairments encompass any type of intellectual disability.
,POSSIBLE CAUSES: infection, trauma, intoxication,
inadequate nutrition, chromosomal abnormalities, gestational
disorder, psychiatric disorder (ASD), environmental influence,
etc.
NURSING CARE:
- Promote child's optimum development.
- Encourage play.
- Teach self-care skills.
- Provide means of communication.
Describe "dehydration". Correct Answers - Common body
fluid disturbance in infants and children.
- When the total output of fluid exceeds the total intake.
- Can result from a lack of oral intake, however, in infants and
children most often results from abnormal losses (i.e. respiratory
infection, fever, diarrhea, etc.).
Describe "family centered care" (FCC). Correct Answers -
Recognizes the centrality of families to the well-being of
hospitalized children.
- Acknowledges that hospitalization of a child affects the whole
family.
- Promotes partnerships among the family, child, and health care
providers.
Describe "gastroenteritis". Correct Answers - Most common
viral infection in children/infants.
- 70 to 80% of all infectious diarrhea caused by rotavirus.
- Peak times are fall and winter.
- Highly contagious via fecal/oral route.
, - Primarily affects children aged 6 months to 2 years.
Describe "hypertonic dehydration". What are the 2 main causes?
Correct Answers - Sodium loss is less than water loss.
- Serum sodium is high (>150mmol/L).
- Most dangerous type of dehydration.
MAIN CAUSES:
1) Excessive free water loss.
2) Sodium excess.
NOTE: Over concentrated formula or high-protein NG tube
feeds can lead to this type of dehydration.
Describe "hypotonic dehydration". What are the 2 main causes?
Correct Answers - Sodium loss is greater than water loss.
- Serum sodium is low (<130mmol/L).
MAIN CAUSES:
1) Excessive sodium loss.
2) Increased water gain.
NOTE: Drinking too much water and not enough electrolytes
(Na) can get this type of dehydration; over-diluted formula can
also lead to this type of dehydration.
Describe "iron deficiency anemia" and list the main causes.
Correct Answers - Insufficient supply of iron.
As a nurse, what is involved in pre-procedure teaching when
preparing children for procedures? Correct Answers -
Establish trust and provide support.
- Modify teaching to consider developmental level of child.
- Use simple, common, and appropriate language.
- Always address the 5 W's = what, why, who, where, and when.
Compare adult breathing to pediatric breathing. Correct
Answers ADULT VS. PEDIATRIC
- Breathe through nose/mouth vs. obligatory nose breathers
(neonates)
- Mature intercostal muscles vs. rely on diaphragm
- Rigid chest wall vs. pliable chest wall
- Regular rates vs. age determined rates
- Regular respirations vs. irregular respirations
- Greater energy reserves vs. easily fatigued
- Normal tidal volume vs. lower tidal volume
- Normal residual capacity vs. less residual capacity
NOTE: In general, respiratory distress is not so significant to
adults because we have many ways to compensate but
children/infants do not.
Compare depression and anxiety. Correct Answers
DEPRESSION:
- Onset at any age
- Early morning wakening
- Symptoms worse in AM
,- Predominant hopelessness
- Blames self (internal worries)
- Worries past-oriented
- Suicide is common
ANXIETY:
- Onset early to midlife
- Trouble falling asleep
- Symptoms worse late in day
- Predominant helplessness
- Blames others (external worries)
- Worries future-oriented
- Suicide less likely (except in panic disorder)
Describe "anemia" and explain its significance in pediatrics.
Correct Answers - Lower than normal number of RBCs and/or
Hgb.
- Decreased O2-carrying capacity of blood.
- Most common hematological disorder of infancy and
childhood.
- Can result from blood loss, low RBC production, high RBC
destruction.
NOTE: Diagnostic tests include CBC (RBC, Hgb, reticulocyte,
peripheral blood smear).
Describe "cognitive impairment" and list some possible causes
and nursing care implications. Correct Answers Cognitive
impairments encompass any type of intellectual disability.
,POSSIBLE CAUSES: infection, trauma, intoxication,
inadequate nutrition, chromosomal abnormalities, gestational
disorder, psychiatric disorder (ASD), environmental influence,
etc.
NURSING CARE:
- Promote child's optimum development.
- Encourage play.
- Teach self-care skills.
- Provide means of communication.
Describe "dehydration". Correct Answers - Common body
fluid disturbance in infants and children.
- When the total output of fluid exceeds the total intake.
- Can result from a lack of oral intake, however, in infants and
children most often results from abnormal losses (i.e. respiratory
infection, fever, diarrhea, etc.).
Describe "family centered care" (FCC). Correct Answers -
Recognizes the centrality of families to the well-being of
hospitalized children.
- Acknowledges that hospitalization of a child affects the whole
family.
- Promotes partnerships among the family, child, and health care
providers.
Describe "gastroenteritis". Correct Answers - Most common
viral infection in children/infants.
- 70 to 80% of all infectious diarrhea caused by rotavirus.
- Peak times are fall and winter.
- Highly contagious via fecal/oral route.
, - Primarily affects children aged 6 months to 2 years.
Describe "hypertonic dehydration". What are the 2 main causes?
Correct Answers - Sodium loss is less than water loss.
- Serum sodium is high (>150mmol/L).
- Most dangerous type of dehydration.
MAIN CAUSES:
1) Excessive free water loss.
2) Sodium excess.
NOTE: Over concentrated formula or high-protein NG tube
feeds can lead to this type of dehydration.
Describe "hypotonic dehydration". What are the 2 main causes?
Correct Answers - Sodium loss is greater than water loss.
- Serum sodium is low (<130mmol/L).
MAIN CAUSES:
1) Excessive sodium loss.
2) Increased water gain.
NOTE: Drinking too much water and not enough electrolytes
(Na) can get this type of dehydration; over-diluted formula can
also lead to this type of dehydration.
Describe "iron deficiency anemia" and list the main causes.
Correct Answers - Insufficient supply of iron.
