1
WGU D115
WGU D115 Unit 6 | Advanced Pathophysiology for the
Advanced Practice Nurse | Qs & As| Grade A| 100% Correct
Latest Update (2025/ 2026)
1.Nephrotic Syndrome: Nephrotic syndrome is caused by damage to the
filtering system in the kidney. Massive amounts of protein are lost in the
urine which depletes the blood of albumin. The patient often presents
with frothy urine and anasarca (not hematuria). Glomerular injury, and
occurs when filtration of proteins exceeds tubular reabsorption.
2. Renal insufficiency: a decline in renal function to about 25% of
normal or a GFR of 25 to 30 ml/minute. Levels of serum creatinine and urea
are mildly elevated.
3. Renal failure: significant loss of renal function requiring renal
replacement therapy.
4. Uremia: syndrome of renal failure and includes elevated blood urea
and creatinine levels accompanied by fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
pruritus, and neurologic changes. Represents numerous consequences
WGU D115
, 2
WGU D115
related to renal failure, including retention of toxic wastes, deficiency
states, electrolyte disorders, and immune activation promoting a
proinflammatory state.
5. Azotemia: increased serum urea levels and frequently increased
creatinine levels (normal is 0.7 to 1.4 mg/dl). Renal insufficiency or renal
failure causes this 6. Polycystic kidneys: Autosomal dominant polycystic
kidney disease (ADPKD) Defects in the formation of epithelial cells and
their cilium result in cyst formation and obstruction accompanied by
destruction of renal parenchyma, interstitial fibrosis, and loss of functional
nephrons
7. Glomerulonephritis: number of renal disorders in which
inflammation of the glomeruli are secondary to an immune mechanism.
Sudden onset of hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria, and
can be accompanied by renal salt and water retention, edema,
hypertension, and in severe cases azotemia. Can be poststreptococcal,
Immunoglobulin A (iga) nephropathy is the most common in children and
young adults
WGU D115
, 3
WGU D115
8. Hemolytic uremic syndrome: acute disorder characterized by
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal
impairment. It is the most common community-acquired cause of acute
renal failure in young children. Associated with both bacterial and viral
agents, as well as endotoxins. Preceded by a prodromal gastrointestinal
(GI) illness with diarrhea
9. Hypospadias: congenital condition in which the urethral meatus is
located on the ventral side or undersurface of the penis. Etiology is
multifactorial and related to disruptions in hormones, steroid 5±-
reductase type 2 mutations, genes, advanced maternal age, and other
environmental factors.
10. Epispadias: congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the
upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of the tip.
11. Lithotripsy: surgical crushing of a kidney stone or gall stones
12. List the structures of the renal system including location in the
body and primary function: Kidneys posterior abdomen
WGU D115
WGU D115
WGU D115 Unit 6 | Advanced Pathophysiology for the
Advanced Practice Nurse | Qs & As| Grade A| 100% Correct
Latest Update (2025/ 2026)
1.Nephrotic Syndrome: Nephrotic syndrome is caused by damage to the
filtering system in the kidney. Massive amounts of protein are lost in the
urine which depletes the blood of albumin. The patient often presents
with frothy urine and anasarca (not hematuria). Glomerular injury, and
occurs when filtration of proteins exceeds tubular reabsorption.
2. Renal insufficiency: a decline in renal function to about 25% of
normal or a GFR of 25 to 30 ml/minute. Levels of serum creatinine and urea
are mildly elevated.
3. Renal failure: significant loss of renal function requiring renal
replacement therapy.
4. Uremia: syndrome of renal failure and includes elevated blood urea
and creatinine levels accompanied by fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
pruritus, and neurologic changes. Represents numerous consequences
WGU D115
, 2
WGU D115
related to renal failure, including retention of toxic wastes, deficiency
states, electrolyte disorders, and immune activation promoting a
proinflammatory state.
5. Azotemia: increased serum urea levels and frequently increased
creatinine levels (normal is 0.7 to 1.4 mg/dl). Renal insufficiency or renal
failure causes this 6. Polycystic kidneys: Autosomal dominant polycystic
kidney disease (ADPKD) Defects in the formation of epithelial cells and
their cilium result in cyst formation and obstruction accompanied by
destruction of renal parenchyma, interstitial fibrosis, and loss of functional
nephrons
7. Glomerulonephritis: number of renal disorders in which
inflammation of the glomeruli are secondary to an immune mechanism.
Sudden onset of hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria, and
can be accompanied by renal salt and water retention, edema,
hypertension, and in severe cases azotemia. Can be poststreptococcal,
Immunoglobulin A (iga) nephropathy is the most common in children and
young adults
WGU D115
, 3
WGU D115
8. Hemolytic uremic syndrome: acute disorder characterized by
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal
impairment. It is the most common community-acquired cause of acute
renal failure in young children. Associated with both bacterial and viral
agents, as well as endotoxins. Preceded by a prodromal gastrointestinal
(GI) illness with diarrhea
9. Hypospadias: congenital condition in which the urethral meatus is
located on the ventral side or undersurface of the penis. Etiology is
multifactorial and related to disruptions in hormones, steroid 5±-
reductase type 2 mutations, genes, advanced maternal age, and other
environmental factors.
10. Epispadias: congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the
upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of the tip.
11. Lithotripsy: surgical crushing of a kidney stone or gall stones
12. List the structures of the renal system including location in the
body and primary function: Kidneys posterior abdomen
WGU D115
