lOMoARcPSD|26582732
Lomoarcpsd|26582732
Fundamental Concepts In Nursing 2025
(Arizona State University)
• Sodium-135-145
• Potassium-3.5-5.0
• Calcium-8.8-10.5
• Magnesium-1.8-3.6
• Chloride-98-106
• Bicarbonate-24-31
BP
When You Are A Baby And When You Are Older You Must Rely On Others For Your Fluid And
Electrolytes
BP Definition: Dehydration The Loss Of Large Amounts Of Water From The Body Through Diarrhea And
Vomiting And Emesis
• The Laboratory Test Used To Confirm Dehydration Is The BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen). Normal
Value Is 10-20.
• Lab Test Used To Confirm Dehydration Is Your BUN Which Normal Value Is 10-20 Anything Over
20 Is A Sign Of Dehydration And If It Is Below 10 It Is A Sign Of Malnutrition.
• S/S SATA: Feeling Thirsty And Lightheaded, Tachycardia, Dry Mouth, Tired, Dark And Smelly
Urine, Less Urine Than Normal
• Low BUN-Can Be A Sign Of Malnutrition, Lack Of Protein In The Diet, And Liver Disease.
Know The Diff Type Of Saline/Solution They Are Used In FVD
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
, lOMoARcPSD|26582732
• Isotonic-Dextrose In Water (D5W), Normal Saline (0.9%) – Most Common, And Lactated Ringers
( LR) – Mainly Burns And Diabetes
• Hypotonic-½ NS Etc.
• Hypertonic- Dextrose In Water (D10W), D5, ½ NS) Etc.
• Colloid-Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
• Sodium: Hyponatremia, Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia Is Too Much Water Not Enough Salt So They Will Need NA Replacement And
They Will Need H2O Restriction
Clinical Manifestations Of Hyponatremia
Poor Skin Turg, Dry Mucosa, Headache, Decreased Salivation, Low BP, Nausea, Adb Cramping,
Neuro Changes
Med/Nursing Management Of Hyponatremia
• Treat Underlying Condition
• Sodium Replacement
• Water Restriction
• Medication Like Salt Tab
• Assessment: I&O, Daily Weight, Lab Values, CNS Changes
• Encourage Dietary Sodium
• Monitor Fluid Intake
• Effects Of Medications (Diuretics, Lithium)
Hypernatremia
Clinc Manifestionas: Thirst And Elevated Temperature
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
, lOMoARcPSD|26582732
0.45% Is Half Of The 0.95 Normal Saline So For This Hypernatremia We Want To Keep Their Sodium
Balance So We Give Them Hypotonic Solution Bc We Want To Add A Small Amount Of NA And Add
More Water To The Body To Get To Homeostasis
• Potassium: Hypokalemia, Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
• Vomitting And Gastric Secretions Result In Hypokalemia Because K Is Lost Through The
Kidneys In Response To Metabolic Acidosis Because Large Amounts Of K Is Contained In Your
ICF Intracellular Fluids And The Deficit Occurs Through Diarrhea (Acidosis =
ASSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS Diarhea And Is From The Stomach Down)
• Less The 3.5meq/L
Hyperkalemia: Clinical Manifestations: Cardiac Changes And Dysrhythmic
Also You Notice Your Pt Is Having S/S Of Chest Pain You Can Do An EKG Without Dr Order And You
Use EKG To Monitor For Hyperkalemia
• Calcium: Hypocalcemia, Hypercalcemia
• Magnesium: Hypomagnesemia, Hypermagnesemia
• Chloride: Hypochloremia, Hyperchloremia
Several ? On Acid Base Imbalance Resp/Met And Acid/Alk (Know How To Do These Problems)
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
Lomoarcpsd|26582732
Fundamental Concepts In Nursing 2025
(Arizona State University)
• Sodium-135-145
• Potassium-3.5-5.0
• Calcium-8.8-10.5
• Magnesium-1.8-3.6
• Chloride-98-106
• Bicarbonate-24-31
BP
When You Are A Baby And When You Are Older You Must Rely On Others For Your Fluid And
Electrolytes
BP Definition: Dehydration The Loss Of Large Amounts Of Water From The Body Through Diarrhea And
Vomiting And Emesis
• The Laboratory Test Used To Confirm Dehydration Is The BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen). Normal
Value Is 10-20.
• Lab Test Used To Confirm Dehydration Is Your BUN Which Normal Value Is 10-20 Anything Over
20 Is A Sign Of Dehydration And If It Is Below 10 It Is A Sign Of Malnutrition.
• S/S SATA: Feeling Thirsty And Lightheaded, Tachycardia, Dry Mouth, Tired, Dark And Smelly
Urine, Less Urine Than Normal
• Low BUN-Can Be A Sign Of Malnutrition, Lack Of Protein In The Diet, And Liver Disease.
Know The Diff Type Of Saline/Solution They Are Used In FVD
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
, lOMoARcPSD|26582732
• Isotonic-Dextrose In Water (D5W), Normal Saline (0.9%) – Most Common, And Lactated Ringers
( LR) – Mainly Burns And Diabetes
• Hypotonic-½ NS Etc.
• Hypertonic- Dextrose In Water (D10W), D5, ½ NS) Etc.
• Colloid-Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
• Sodium: Hyponatremia, Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia Is Too Much Water Not Enough Salt So They Will Need NA Replacement And
They Will Need H2O Restriction
Clinical Manifestations Of Hyponatremia
Poor Skin Turg, Dry Mucosa, Headache, Decreased Salivation, Low BP, Nausea, Adb Cramping,
Neuro Changes
Med/Nursing Management Of Hyponatremia
• Treat Underlying Condition
• Sodium Replacement
• Water Restriction
• Medication Like Salt Tab
• Assessment: I&O, Daily Weight, Lab Values, CNS Changes
• Encourage Dietary Sodium
• Monitor Fluid Intake
• Effects Of Medications (Diuretics, Lithium)
Hypernatremia
Clinc Manifestionas: Thirst And Elevated Temperature
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
, lOMoARcPSD|26582732
0.45% Is Half Of The 0.95 Normal Saline So For This Hypernatremia We Want To Keep Their Sodium
Balance So We Give Them Hypotonic Solution Bc We Want To Add A Small Amount Of NA And Add
More Water To The Body To Get To Homeostasis
• Potassium: Hypokalemia, Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
• Vomitting And Gastric Secretions Result In Hypokalemia Because K Is Lost Through The
Kidneys In Response To Metabolic Acidosis Because Large Amounts Of K Is Contained In Your
ICF Intracellular Fluids And The Deficit Occurs Through Diarrhea (Acidosis =
ASSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS Diarhea And Is From The Stomach Down)
• Less The 3.5meq/L
Hyperkalemia: Clinical Manifestations: Cardiac Changes And Dysrhythmic
Also You Notice Your Pt Is Having S/S Of Chest Pain You Can Do An EKG Without Dr Order And You
Use EKG To Monitor For Hyperkalemia
• Calcium: Hypocalcemia, Hypercalcemia
• Magnesium: Hypomagnesemia, Hypermagnesemia
• Chloride: Hypochloremia, Hyperchloremia
Several ? On Acid Base Imbalance Resp/Met And Acid/Alk (Know How To Do These Problems)
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
