BACE Comprehensive Review
Theory that states all life forms are made
from one or more cells, that cells only
Cell Theory
arise from pre-existing cells, and that the
cell is the smallest form of life.
A microscopic single-celled organism
that has neither a distinct nucleus with a
membrane nor other specialized (mem- Prokaryote
brane-bound) organelles. Prokaryotes
include the bacteria (ex. E. coli).
An organism consisting of a cell or cells
in which the genetic material is DNA
Eukaryote
in the form of chromosomes contained
within a distinct nucleus.
Maintenance of a desired level of qual-
ity in a service or product, especially
by means of attention to every stage of Quality Assurance
the process of delivery or production; all
products meet quality standards.
Work directed toward the innovation, in-
troduction, and improvement of products
Research & Development
and processes; identifying candidate bio-
pharmeceutical drugs for example.
Make (something) on a large scale using
machinery; make commercial quantities Manufacturing
of a biopharmaceutical drug for example.
The exploitation of biological process-
es for industrial and other purposes, es-
pecially the genetic manipulation of mi- Biotechnology
croorganisms for the production of antibi-
otics, hormones, etc.
A microscopic membrane of lipids and
proteins that forms the external bound-
ary of the cytoplasm of a cell and that
Plasma Membrane
regulates the passage of molecules in
and out of the cytoplasm (semi-perme-
able).
, BACE Comprehensive Review
An organelle found in large numbers
in most cells, in which the biochemical
Mitochondria
processes of respiration and energy pro-
duction occur.
A dense organelle present in most eu-
karyotic cells, typically a single round-
Nucleus
ed structure bounded by a double mem-
brane, containing the genetic material.
An organelle in the cytoplasm of eu-
karyotic cells containing degradative en- Lysosome
zymes enclosed in a membrane.
A network of membranous tubules within
the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, con-
tinuous with the nuclear membrane. It Endoplasmic Reticulum
usually has ribosomes attached and is
involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
An enzyme that binds to DNA during
RNA Polymerase
transcription to create an mRNA strand.
An enzyme that brings about ligation
(joining together) of DNA or another sub- DNA Ligase
stance.
An enzyme that synthesizes short RNA
Primase
sequences called primers.
An enzyme produced chiefly by certain
bacteria, having the property of cleav- Restriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonu-
ing/cutting/digesting DNA molecules at clease)
or near a specific sequence of bases.
A heat stable enzyme that synthesizes
DNA from free deoxyribonucleic acids in DNA Polymerase
DNA replication and PCR reactions.
Used to measure protein or DNA con-
centration; an apparatus for measuring
the intensity of light in a part of the spec- Spectrophotometer
trum, especially as transmitted or emit-
ted by particular substances.
, BACE Comprehensive Review
Used to run DNA agarose gels. Horizontal Gel Electrophoresis Box
Used to run protein gels (PAGE or poly-
Vertical Gel Electrophoresis Box
acrylamide gel electrophoresis).
A type of protein produced by a living
organism that acts as a catalyst to bring
about a specific biochemical reaction; Enzyme
only work in specific temperature and pH
ranges.
Method of obtaining energy in microor-
ganisms; occurs without oxygen and pro-
duces carbon dioxide as a byproduct; Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)
used in the baking and brewing indus-
tries.
Breaking down of food molecules (glu-
cose) in the presence of oxygen with the
Aerobic (Cellular) Respiration
result of generating energy (ATP) in a cell
(as well as carbon dioxide and water).
Process by which green plants and some
other organisms use sunlight to synthe-
size foods from carbon dioxide and wa-
Photosynthesis
ter; in plants generally involves the green
pigment chlorophyll and generates oxy-
gen as a byproduct.
A compound consisting of an adenosine
molecule bonded to three phosphate
groups; the breakage of one phosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
linkage (to form adenosine diphosphate,
ADP ) provides energy for physiological
processes.
Bonds between phosphate groups; loca-
Phosphate Bonds
tion of energy in an ATP molecule.
Any of a class of sugars whose mol-
ecules contain two monosaccharide Disaccharide
residues.
Monosaccharide
Theory that states all life forms are made
from one or more cells, that cells only
Cell Theory
arise from pre-existing cells, and that the
cell is the smallest form of life.
A microscopic single-celled organism
that has neither a distinct nucleus with a
membrane nor other specialized (mem- Prokaryote
brane-bound) organelles. Prokaryotes
include the bacteria (ex. E. coli).
An organism consisting of a cell or cells
in which the genetic material is DNA
Eukaryote
in the form of chromosomes contained
within a distinct nucleus.
Maintenance of a desired level of qual-
ity in a service or product, especially
by means of attention to every stage of Quality Assurance
the process of delivery or production; all
products meet quality standards.
Work directed toward the innovation, in-
troduction, and improvement of products
Research & Development
and processes; identifying candidate bio-
pharmeceutical drugs for example.
Make (something) on a large scale using
machinery; make commercial quantities Manufacturing
of a biopharmaceutical drug for example.
The exploitation of biological process-
es for industrial and other purposes, es-
pecially the genetic manipulation of mi- Biotechnology
croorganisms for the production of antibi-
otics, hormones, etc.
A microscopic membrane of lipids and
proteins that forms the external bound-
ary of the cytoplasm of a cell and that
Plasma Membrane
regulates the passage of molecules in
and out of the cytoplasm (semi-perme-
able).
, BACE Comprehensive Review
An organelle found in large numbers
in most cells, in which the biochemical
Mitochondria
processes of respiration and energy pro-
duction occur.
A dense organelle present in most eu-
karyotic cells, typically a single round-
Nucleus
ed structure bounded by a double mem-
brane, containing the genetic material.
An organelle in the cytoplasm of eu-
karyotic cells containing degradative en- Lysosome
zymes enclosed in a membrane.
A network of membranous tubules within
the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, con-
tinuous with the nuclear membrane. It Endoplasmic Reticulum
usually has ribosomes attached and is
involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
An enzyme that binds to DNA during
RNA Polymerase
transcription to create an mRNA strand.
An enzyme that brings about ligation
(joining together) of DNA or another sub- DNA Ligase
stance.
An enzyme that synthesizes short RNA
Primase
sequences called primers.
An enzyme produced chiefly by certain
bacteria, having the property of cleav- Restriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonu-
ing/cutting/digesting DNA molecules at clease)
or near a specific sequence of bases.
A heat stable enzyme that synthesizes
DNA from free deoxyribonucleic acids in DNA Polymerase
DNA replication and PCR reactions.
Used to measure protein or DNA con-
centration; an apparatus for measuring
the intensity of light in a part of the spec- Spectrophotometer
trum, especially as transmitted or emit-
ted by particular substances.
, BACE Comprehensive Review
Used to run DNA agarose gels. Horizontal Gel Electrophoresis Box
Used to run protein gels (PAGE or poly-
Vertical Gel Electrophoresis Box
acrylamide gel electrophoresis).
A type of protein produced by a living
organism that acts as a catalyst to bring
about a specific biochemical reaction; Enzyme
only work in specific temperature and pH
ranges.
Method of obtaining energy in microor-
ganisms; occurs without oxygen and pro-
duces carbon dioxide as a byproduct; Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)
used in the baking and brewing indus-
tries.
Breaking down of food molecules (glu-
cose) in the presence of oxygen with the
Aerobic (Cellular) Respiration
result of generating energy (ATP) in a cell
(as well as carbon dioxide and water).
Process by which green plants and some
other organisms use sunlight to synthe-
size foods from carbon dioxide and wa-
Photosynthesis
ter; in plants generally involves the green
pigment chlorophyll and generates oxy-
gen as a byproduct.
A compound consisting of an adenosine
molecule bonded to three phosphate
groups; the breakage of one phosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
linkage (to form adenosine diphosphate,
ADP ) provides energy for physiological
processes.
Bonds between phosphate groups; loca-
Phosphate Bonds
tion of energy in an ATP molecule.
Any of a class of sugars whose mol-
ecules contain two monosaccharide Disaccharide
residues.
Monosaccharide
