SOCI 1110: chapter 2 Questions with
complete solution 2025
who invented CUDOS - correct answer ✔sociologist Robert Merton
what is CUDOS - correct answer ✔-a type of empirical knowledge organized
around four key principles
1. Communalism: The results of science must be made available to the
public; science is freely available, shared knowledge open to public discussion
and debate.
2. Universalism: The results of science must be evaluated based on universal
criteria, not parochial criteria specific to the researchers themselves.
3. Disinterestedness: Science must not be pursued for private interests or
personal reward.
4. Organized Skepticism: The scientist must abandon all prior intellectual
commitments, critically evaluate claims, and postpone conclusions until
sufficient evidence has been presented; scientific knowledge is provisional.
Scientific and Non-Scientific Ways of Knowing - correct answer ✔-Casual
Observation
-Selective Observation
-Overgeneralization
-Authority/Tradition
-Scientific Research Methods
Casual Observation - correct answer ✔Occurs when we make observations
without any systematic process for observing or assessing the accuracy of
what we observed.
, Selective Observation - correct answer ✔Occurs when we see only those
patterns that we want to see, or when we assume that only the patterns we
have experienced directly exist
Overgeneralization: - correct answer ✔Occurs when we assume that broad
patterns exist even when our observations have been limited.
Authority/Tradition: - correct answer ✔A socially defined source of
knowledge that might shape our beliefs about what is true and what is not
true.
Scientific Research Methods: - correct answer ✔An organized, logical way of
learning and knowing about our social world.
The Scientific Method: - correct answer ✔-A scientific process of research
establishes parameters that help make sure results are objective and accurate
-Scientific methods provide limitations and boundaries that focus a study and
organize its results
- provides a systematic, organized series of steps that help ensure objectivity
and consistency in exploring a social problem
Validity ensures... - correct answer ✔that the study's design accurately
examined what it was designed to study
-Sociologists use the scientific method not only to collect but to interpret and
analyze the data. They deliberately apply scientific logic and objectivity
Typically, the scientific method starts with these steps: - correct answer ✔1)
ask a question;
2) research existing sources;
3) formulate a hypothesis
complete solution 2025
who invented CUDOS - correct answer ✔sociologist Robert Merton
what is CUDOS - correct answer ✔-a type of empirical knowledge organized
around four key principles
1. Communalism: The results of science must be made available to the
public; science is freely available, shared knowledge open to public discussion
and debate.
2. Universalism: The results of science must be evaluated based on universal
criteria, not parochial criteria specific to the researchers themselves.
3. Disinterestedness: Science must not be pursued for private interests or
personal reward.
4. Organized Skepticism: The scientist must abandon all prior intellectual
commitments, critically evaluate claims, and postpone conclusions until
sufficient evidence has been presented; scientific knowledge is provisional.
Scientific and Non-Scientific Ways of Knowing - correct answer ✔-Casual
Observation
-Selective Observation
-Overgeneralization
-Authority/Tradition
-Scientific Research Methods
Casual Observation - correct answer ✔Occurs when we make observations
without any systematic process for observing or assessing the accuracy of
what we observed.
, Selective Observation - correct answer ✔Occurs when we see only those
patterns that we want to see, or when we assume that only the patterns we
have experienced directly exist
Overgeneralization: - correct answer ✔Occurs when we assume that broad
patterns exist even when our observations have been limited.
Authority/Tradition: - correct answer ✔A socially defined source of
knowledge that might shape our beliefs about what is true and what is not
true.
Scientific Research Methods: - correct answer ✔An organized, logical way of
learning and knowing about our social world.
The Scientific Method: - correct answer ✔-A scientific process of research
establishes parameters that help make sure results are objective and accurate
-Scientific methods provide limitations and boundaries that focus a study and
organize its results
- provides a systematic, organized series of steps that help ensure objectivity
and consistency in exploring a social problem
Validity ensures... - correct answer ✔that the study's design accurately
examined what it was designed to study
-Sociologists use the scientific method not only to collect but to interpret and
analyze the data. They deliberately apply scientific logic and objectivity
Typically, the scientific method starts with these steps: - correct answer ✔1)
ask a question;
2) research existing sources;
3) formulate a hypothesis
