PRODUCTION SYSTEMS , TYPES OF BREEDS , BREEDING METHODS
&NUTRITION OF STOCK
Contents
LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT I - DC 108 ..................................................................................... 2
TOPIC 1.0: INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ........................................................................ 2
ROLE OF LIVESTOCK AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ......................................................................................... 3
1.2. ROLE OF LIVESTOCK AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL .............................................................................. 4
1.3DISTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK .............................................................................................................. 8
Chapter 2.0. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS .................................................................................... 12
1. Extensive/ free range system ................................................................................................................... 12
2. Intensive system ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3. Semi-intensive system ............................................................................................................................. 16
Chapter 3.0. LIVESTOCK DUTIES AND ROUTINE PRACTICES .................................................................. 17
Vaccination Schedule .......................................................................................................................................... 25
RECORD KEEPING..................................................................................................................................... 33
Daily Mortality Records ................................................................................................................................................... 47
Daily feed consumption records ....................................................................................................................................... 48
Chapter 4.0. Livestock breeds and types ........................................................................................................ 49
2) Landrace ............................................................................................................................................................ 62
Chapter 5.0. ANIMAL BREEDING ................................................................................................................... 66
5.1. Breeding Terms..................................................................................................................................... 66
5.2. SELECTION .......................................................................................................................................... 67
5.3. MATING AND BREEDING SYSTEM .................................................................................................... 71
Chapter 6.0. Forage Crops .............................................................................................................................. 95
Chapter 7.0. LIVESTOCK NUTRITION ......................................................................................................... 107
Common Terms ......................................................................................................................................... 107
Subtopic 1: COMPONENTS OF FEEDS ................................................................................................... 108
DIGESTION IN LIVESTOCK ...................................................................................................................... 118
LIVESTOCK RELATED ACTS ...................................................................................................................... 126
1
, SUSTAINABLEAGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT I - DC 108
Sub-Module Unit Content
Introduction To Livestock • Role of livestock at the household level
Farming • Role of livestock in the national economy
• Distribution of livestock
Production Systems • Systems of production
• Incentives and constraints of different production systems
Animal Handling and • Livestock routine duties.
management practices
Animal Breeding • Common terms used in breeding
• Concept of livestock breeding
• Selection methods
• Performance and progeny testing
• Breeding systems
Forage And Pasture Management • Introduction to forage and pasture plants
• Importance of forages and pastures
• Suitable forage and pastures plants
• Role of legumes
• Methods of managing forages and pastures
• Procedures of conserving feedstuffs
• Utilization of forages and pastures
Livestock Nutrition • Composition of animal feeds
• Classification of feeds
• Nutrient requirements
• Digestion in ruminants and non-ruminants
• Factors affecting feed intake
Breeds and Types of Livestock • Characteristics of different livestock types:
• Selected breeds of livestock
Livestock Related • Livestock acts
Acts and Policies • Policies, programmes and processes that impact on livestock
Emerging issues and trends • Emerging issues and trends
• Challenges posed by emerging issues and trends
• Ways of coping with challenges posed by emerging issues and
trends
TOPIC 1.0: INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
2
,Definition of terms
3
, Livestock: The term “livestock” includes cattle, sheep, horses, goats, and other domestic animals
ordinarily raised or used on the farm
Enterprise: is investment in a given area of livestock production with an aim of making profit.
Examples of livestock enterprises; Fodder production, beef, dairy production, processing of
livestock products, layers production, etc.
Types of livestock
❖ Poultry – Broilers, Layers, Indigenous chicken, improved chicken, geese, turkey, ducks
❖ Cattle: dairy, beef, dual purpose
❖ Sheep: wool, meat, dual purpose
❖ Goats: dairy
❖ Camels
❖ Donkeys
❖ Pigs
❖ Aquaculture
❖ Apiculture
❖ crocodile
ROLE OF LIVESTOCK AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
1. Source of food for human being and livestock.
Livestock products such as milk, meat, eggs are good sources of proteins which are of high
biological value.
Fishes, blood, poultry droppings, bones used as livestock feed.
2. Source of manure used to improve soil fertility among other functions
Livestock wastes; dung and urine are used in manure production. Manure can be spread on
crop fields to improve soil fertility which leads to increased crop yield.
Manure is also used to make plaster for walls and floors. The blood and bones of animals can
also be used to make fertilizers. Manure can also be used to produce biogas which is used as
fuel.
3. Source of draft power.
Animals such as horses, donkeys, and cattle are sometimes used for the production of
mechanical energy which is employed in different agricultural operations like ploughing,
threshing, planting, transportation and military functions.
4. Source of income for the farmer/employment
Farmers sell livestock products, culls, breeding animals, and livestock by products such as
manure to earn income.Hooves, horn, skins, wool, hair, blood,
5. Livestock are used in social ceremonies.
4
&NUTRITION OF STOCK
Contents
LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT I - DC 108 ..................................................................................... 2
TOPIC 1.0: INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ........................................................................ 2
ROLE OF LIVESTOCK AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ......................................................................................... 3
1.2. ROLE OF LIVESTOCK AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL .............................................................................. 4
1.3DISTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK .............................................................................................................. 8
Chapter 2.0. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS .................................................................................... 12
1. Extensive/ free range system ................................................................................................................... 12
2. Intensive system ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3. Semi-intensive system ............................................................................................................................. 16
Chapter 3.0. LIVESTOCK DUTIES AND ROUTINE PRACTICES .................................................................. 17
Vaccination Schedule .......................................................................................................................................... 25
RECORD KEEPING..................................................................................................................................... 33
Daily Mortality Records ................................................................................................................................................... 47
Daily feed consumption records ....................................................................................................................................... 48
Chapter 4.0. Livestock breeds and types ........................................................................................................ 49
2) Landrace ............................................................................................................................................................ 62
Chapter 5.0. ANIMAL BREEDING ................................................................................................................... 66
5.1. Breeding Terms..................................................................................................................................... 66
5.2. SELECTION .......................................................................................................................................... 67
5.3. MATING AND BREEDING SYSTEM .................................................................................................... 71
Chapter 6.0. Forage Crops .............................................................................................................................. 95
Chapter 7.0. LIVESTOCK NUTRITION ......................................................................................................... 107
Common Terms ......................................................................................................................................... 107
Subtopic 1: COMPONENTS OF FEEDS ................................................................................................... 108
DIGESTION IN LIVESTOCK ...................................................................................................................... 118
LIVESTOCK RELATED ACTS ...................................................................................................................... 126
1
, SUSTAINABLEAGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT I - DC 108
Sub-Module Unit Content
Introduction To Livestock • Role of livestock at the household level
Farming • Role of livestock in the national economy
• Distribution of livestock
Production Systems • Systems of production
• Incentives and constraints of different production systems
Animal Handling and • Livestock routine duties.
management practices
Animal Breeding • Common terms used in breeding
• Concept of livestock breeding
• Selection methods
• Performance and progeny testing
• Breeding systems
Forage And Pasture Management • Introduction to forage and pasture plants
• Importance of forages and pastures
• Suitable forage and pastures plants
• Role of legumes
• Methods of managing forages and pastures
• Procedures of conserving feedstuffs
• Utilization of forages and pastures
Livestock Nutrition • Composition of animal feeds
• Classification of feeds
• Nutrient requirements
• Digestion in ruminants and non-ruminants
• Factors affecting feed intake
Breeds and Types of Livestock • Characteristics of different livestock types:
• Selected breeds of livestock
Livestock Related • Livestock acts
Acts and Policies • Policies, programmes and processes that impact on livestock
Emerging issues and trends • Emerging issues and trends
• Challenges posed by emerging issues and trends
• Ways of coping with challenges posed by emerging issues and
trends
TOPIC 1.0: INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
2
,Definition of terms
3
, Livestock: The term “livestock” includes cattle, sheep, horses, goats, and other domestic animals
ordinarily raised or used on the farm
Enterprise: is investment in a given area of livestock production with an aim of making profit.
Examples of livestock enterprises; Fodder production, beef, dairy production, processing of
livestock products, layers production, etc.
Types of livestock
❖ Poultry – Broilers, Layers, Indigenous chicken, improved chicken, geese, turkey, ducks
❖ Cattle: dairy, beef, dual purpose
❖ Sheep: wool, meat, dual purpose
❖ Goats: dairy
❖ Camels
❖ Donkeys
❖ Pigs
❖ Aquaculture
❖ Apiculture
❖ crocodile
ROLE OF LIVESTOCK AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
1. Source of food for human being and livestock.
Livestock products such as milk, meat, eggs are good sources of proteins which are of high
biological value.
Fishes, blood, poultry droppings, bones used as livestock feed.
2. Source of manure used to improve soil fertility among other functions
Livestock wastes; dung and urine are used in manure production. Manure can be spread on
crop fields to improve soil fertility which leads to increased crop yield.
Manure is also used to make plaster for walls and floors. The blood and bones of animals can
also be used to make fertilizers. Manure can also be used to produce biogas which is used as
fuel.
3. Source of draft power.
Animals such as horses, donkeys, and cattle are sometimes used for the production of
mechanical energy which is employed in different agricultural operations like ploughing,
threshing, planting, transportation and military functions.
4. Source of income for the farmer/employment
Farmers sell livestock products, culls, breeding animals, and livestock by products such as
manure to earn income.Hooves, horn, skins, wool, hair, blood,
5. Livestock are used in social ceremonies.
4
