NR571 Midterm 2 – DVT: Questions With Expert
Solutions
Treatment of cardiomyopathy Correct Answer - is treated essentially in
the same manner as CHF. tailored to Heart Association functional class of HF
severity.
time frame for treatment in acute pericarditis Correct Answer - NSAIDs
should be prescribed and taken regularly (every 8 hours) for a maximum of
two weeks. Colchicine should be continued for three months.
Pericarditis Correct Answer - the inflammation of the pericardium—a
double-layered membrane that encloses the heart, cardiac fat, and coronary
vessels.
Chronic pericarditis Correct Answer - caused by autoimmune disorders
such as scleroderma, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis.
Peripheral artery disease Correct Answer - a cardiovascular condition
characterized by the loss of blood flow to the extremities, skin of the affected
area may also lose or change color, completely block blood flow to the lower
limbs (critical limb ischemia).
cause of PAD Correct Answer - caused by the buildup of plaque
(atherosclerosis) in arteries supplying the lower limbs.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) Correct Answer - an umbrella term
that includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)
Distal DVTs Correct Answer - isolated to the veins in the calf
classified according to onset: DVT Correct Answer - < 14 days = Acute
15-27 days = Sub-acute
> 28 days = Chronic
Hypercoagulability(pathophysiological states VTE) Correct Answer -
Hereditary & non-hereditary coagulopathies, Autoimmune disorders (SLE, RA,
hyperthyroidism, IBD, etc.), Estrogen (OCPs, HRT, etc.)
,Vascular Damage(pathophysiological states VTE) Correct Answer -
Smoking, Atherosclerotic plaque, Prolonged elevated BP, Femoral line
catheterization, Surgery
Venous Stasis(pathophysiological states VTE) Correct Answer -
Prolonged immobility or hospitalization, Obesity,
Paralysis of lower extremities, Pregnancy & until 12 wks. postpartum,
Malignancy & chemotherapy
Differentials for DVT Correct Answer - cellulitis, injury, baker's cyst, and
superficial thrombophlebitis
Risk factors for VTE Correct Answer - recent surgery, long travel,
medication use, comorbidities, hereditary coagulopathies, and malignancies
are
characteristics of DVT Correct Answer - complaints of unilateral pain,
swelling, or redness to the affected extremity and although rare, bilateral
DVTs can exist
Post-thrombotic syndrome Correct Answer - associated with chronic
DVT and may include dependent edema with prolonged standing, itching,
"aching," or ulcerations.
Wells DVT score Correct Answer - should be used to evaluate patients
with suspected 1st-time acute DVT, not as useful in predicting hospitalized
patients with DVT.
venous compression ultrasound testing Correct Answer - which is the
first-line imaging test to diagnose or exclude clots. used to distinguish acute
from chronic DVT
Acute DVT on imaging Correct Answer - Vein wall=Thin with smooth
lumen
Lumen size=Large and distended
Compressibility="Spongy"
Collateral veins=Absent
Valve function=Competent
, chronic DVT on imaging Correct Answer - vein wall=Thick and
hyperechoic
Lumen size=Small and irregular
compressibility=Rigid, incompressible
collateral veins=Present
valve function=Incompetent
Acute anginal chest pain could mimic Correct Answer - could mimic
acute pericarditis, myocarditis, prinzmetal angina, pericardial effusion, acute
bronchitis, pneumonia, pleuritis, pleural effusion, aortic dissection, GERD,
peptic ulcer disease, esophageal motility disorders, and costochondritis
main complication associated with coronary artery disease Correct Answer
- Arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, congestive heart failure, mitral
regurgitation, ventricular free wall rupture, pericarditis, aneurysm formation,
and mural thrombi, main complications associated with
CAD Correct Answer - is a narrowing or blockage of your coronary
arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart. over time, plaque
(including cholesterol) buildup in these arteries limits how much blood can
reach your heart muscle.
two main forms of coronary artery disease: Correct Answer - Stable
ischemic heart disease(chronic) and Acute coronary syndrome(emergent) are
the 2 types of :
nitroglycerin Correct Answer - (medicine that treats angina)
Types of ACS are: Correct Answer - Unstable angina, Non-ST-elevation
myocardial infarction, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction are types of
Medication management of DVTs Correct Answer - DVT includes
anticoagulants to prevent extension or embolization of the thrombus.
direct-acting anticoagulants. Correct Answer - have a significant cost,
contraindicated in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. no reversal
agents available
Solutions
Treatment of cardiomyopathy Correct Answer - is treated essentially in
the same manner as CHF. tailored to Heart Association functional class of HF
severity.
time frame for treatment in acute pericarditis Correct Answer - NSAIDs
should be prescribed and taken regularly (every 8 hours) for a maximum of
two weeks. Colchicine should be continued for three months.
Pericarditis Correct Answer - the inflammation of the pericardium—a
double-layered membrane that encloses the heart, cardiac fat, and coronary
vessels.
Chronic pericarditis Correct Answer - caused by autoimmune disorders
such as scleroderma, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis.
Peripheral artery disease Correct Answer - a cardiovascular condition
characterized by the loss of blood flow to the extremities, skin of the affected
area may also lose or change color, completely block blood flow to the lower
limbs (critical limb ischemia).
cause of PAD Correct Answer - caused by the buildup of plaque
(atherosclerosis) in arteries supplying the lower limbs.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) Correct Answer - an umbrella term
that includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)
Distal DVTs Correct Answer - isolated to the veins in the calf
classified according to onset: DVT Correct Answer - < 14 days = Acute
15-27 days = Sub-acute
> 28 days = Chronic
Hypercoagulability(pathophysiological states VTE) Correct Answer -
Hereditary & non-hereditary coagulopathies, Autoimmune disorders (SLE, RA,
hyperthyroidism, IBD, etc.), Estrogen (OCPs, HRT, etc.)
,Vascular Damage(pathophysiological states VTE) Correct Answer -
Smoking, Atherosclerotic plaque, Prolonged elevated BP, Femoral line
catheterization, Surgery
Venous Stasis(pathophysiological states VTE) Correct Answer -
Prolonged immobility or hospitalization, Obesity,
Paralysis of lower extremities, Pregnancy & until 12 wks. postpartum,
Malignancy & chemotherapy
Differentials for DVT Correct Answer - cellulitis, injury, baker's cyst, and
superficial thrombophlebitis
Risk factors for VTE Correct Answer - recent surgery, long travel,
medication use, comorbidities, hereditary coagulopathies, and malignancies
are
characteristics of DVT Correct Answer - complaints of unilateral pain,
swelling, or redness to the affected extremity and although rare, bilateral
DVTs can exist
Post-thrombotic syndrome Correct Answer - associated with chronic
DVT and may include dependent edema with prolonged standing, itching,
"aching," or ulcerations.
Wells DVT score Correct Answer - should be used to evaluate patients
with suspected 1st-time acute DVT, not as useful in predicting hospitalized
patients with DVT.
venous compression ultrasound testing Correct Answer - which is the
first-line imaging test to diagnose or exclude clots. used to distinguish acute
from chronic DVT
Acute DVT on imaging Correct Answer - Vein wall=Thin with smooth
lumen
Lumen size=Large and distended
Compressibility="Spongy"
Collateral veins=Absent
Valve function=Competent
, chronic DVT on imaging Correct Answer - vein wall=Thick and
hyperechoic
Lumen size=Small and irregular
compressibility=Rigid, incompressible
collateral veins=Present
valve function=Incompetent
Acute anginal chest pain could mimic Correct Answer - could mimic
acute pericarditis, myocarditis, prinzmetal angina, pericardial effusion, acute
bronchitis, pneumonia, pleuritis, pleural effusion, aortic dissection, GERD,
peptic ulcer disease, esophageal motility disorders, and costochondritis
main complication associated with coronary artery disease Correct Answer
- Arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, congestive heart failure, mitral
regurgitation, ventricular free wall rupture, pericarditis, aneurysm formation,
and mural thrombi, main complications associated with
CAD Correct Answer - is a narrowing or blockage of your coronary
arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart. over time, plaque
(including cholesterol) buildup in these arteries limits how much blood can
reach your heart muscle.
two main forms of coronary artery disease: Correct Answer - Stable
ischemic heart disease(chronic) and Acute coronary syndrome(emergent) are
the 2 types of :
nitroglycerin Correct Answer - (medicine that treats angina)
Types of ACS are: Correct Answer - Unstable angina, Non-ST-elevation
myocardial infarction, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction are types of
Medication management of DVTs Correct Answer - DVT includes
anticoagulants to prevent extension or embolization of the thrombus.
direct-acting anticoagulants. Correct Answer - have a significant cost,
contraindicated in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. no reversal
agents available
