BIOD331 Pathophysiology Final
Exam
Takingyourchildtothepediatricianfortheirannualwellcheck-
upandkeepingupwiththerecommendedvaccinationschedulewouldbeanexampleof:-
(CorrectAnswer)`Primaryprevention
YouareseeingapatientinyourclinicwhorecentlysufferedaTIA.Recentdiagnostictestsrevealedthathehasat
rialfibrillation.Youdecidetoputhimonabloodthinnertopreventafutureneurologicevent.Thiswouldbeanexa
mpleof:-(CorrectAnswer)`Tertiaryprevention
Jamesisbeingseenforhisfirstcolonoscopy.Heturned50thisyear,andhisfatherrecentlypassedawayfromco
loncanceratage85.Thiswouldbeanexampleof:-(CorrectAnswer)`Secondaryprevention
True/False:Metaplasticcellsarenotbetterpreparedtosurviveunderstressfulcircumstances-
(CorrectAnswer)`False
Fillintheblank:________propelchymealongthesmallintestinetowardthelargeintestineinonedirection.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Peristalticmovements
Fillintheblank:___________occludesmallportionsoftheintestinallumentopushdigestivecontentsforward
andbackward-(CorrectAnswer)`SegmentationWaves
TrueorFalse:Peristalticmovementsoccurintwodirections.-(CorrectAnswer)`False,onedirection
True/False:Hypertrophycanoccurundernormalandpathologicalconditions.-(CorrectAnswer)`True
YouarereadingresultsfromarecentbloodpanelforFred,a76-year-
oldmale.Hishemoglobinlevelsare15.5g/dL.Wouldthisbeconsideredanormalorabnormalvalue?-
(CorrectAnswer)`Normal
YouarereadingresultsfromarecentbloodpanelforSusan,a48-year-
oldfemale.Herhemoglobinlevelsare7g/dL.Wouldthisbeconsideredanormalorabnormalvalue?-
(CorrectAnswer)`Abnormal.NormalHemoglobinlevelsforafemaleis12-15g/dL
YouarereadingresultsfromarecentbloodpanelforJane,a37-year-
oldfemale.Herhemoglobinlevelsare13g/dL.Wouldthisbeconsideredanormalorabnormalvalue?-
(CorrectAnswer)`Normal
Whicharetrueofthemitochondria?Selectallthatapply.-(CorrectAnswer)`Itisinvolvedincellularrespiration
Theyplayaroleinapoptosis
WhichisNOTtrueofthecytoskeleton?-(CorrectAnswer)`Itincludesperoxisomesandproteasomes
,WhichofthefollowingisanactiveformofVitaminD?-(CorrectAnswer)`25-hydroxycholecalciferol
WhichofthefollowingisaninactiveformofVitaminD?-(CorrectAnswer)`Cholecalciferol
Whichofthefollowingissynthesizedinthekidneyandregulatesthedifferentiationofredbloodcellswithinbone
marrow?-(CorrectAnswer)`Erythropoietin
Whicharetrueofthecellmembrane?Selectallthatapply.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Controlsthetransportofmaterialsfromtheoutsidefluidstowithin
Helpswiththeconductionofelectricalcurrentsinnerveandmusclecells
Aidsintheregulationofcellgrowthandproliferation
TrueorFalse.Iffalse,explainwhythestatementisfalse.
Abenignneoplasminvadesanddestroystissueandpossessesarapidrateofgrowth.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False.Amalignantneoplasminvadesanddestroystissuesandpossessesarapidrateofgro
wth.
OR
Abenignneoplasmresemblesthecellsofthetissuesoforiginandpossessesaslowrateofgrowth.
TrueorFalse.Iffalse,explainwhythestatementisfalse.
Amalignantneoplasmresemblesthecellsofthetissuesoforiginandpossessesaslowrateofgrowth.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False.Abenignneoplasmresemblesthecellsofthetissuesoforiginandpossessesaslowra
teofgrowth.
OR
Amalignantneoplasminvadesanddestroystissueandpossessesarapidrateofgrowth.
List2differencesbetweenbenignandmalignantneoplasms.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Anycombinationofthefollowing-Benigntumorsarewell-
differentiatedcells,resemblethecellsoftissuesoforigin,andhaveaslow,progressiverateofgrowth.Theygro
wbyexpansionandremainlocalizedtotheirsiteoforigin,notcapableofmetastasizing.Malignantneoplasmsin
vadeanddestroytissue.Theygrowrapidly,spreadtootherpartsofthebody,andlackwell-
definedmargins.Theycancompressbloodvesselsandoutgrowtheirbloodsupply,causingischemiaandtissu
einjury.
Compareandcontrastthetwotypesofgangrenousnecrosis.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Indrygangrenetheaffectedtissuebecomesdryandshrinks,theskinwrinkles,anditscolorc
hangestodarkbrownorblack.Thespreadofdrygangreneisslow.Itresultsfromacut-
offinarterialbloodsupplyandisaformofcoagulationnecrosis.Inwetgangrene,theaffectedareaiscold,swolle
n,andpulseless.Theskinismoist,black,andundertension.Blebsformonthesurface,liquefactionoccurs,and
afoulodoriscausedbybacterialaction.Thespreadoftissuedamageisrapid.
YouaretalkingtoyourpatientwhohasbeenrecentlydiagnosedwithOsteoporosis.Theymentionedthattheyjo
inedaSilverSneakersprogramattheirlocalgymbecausetheyreadthatweight-
bearingexercisepromotesbonedensity.Whatwordofcautionwouldyougivetothemastheyparticipateinthis
program?-(CorrectAnswer)`Whileweight-
bearingexerciseshavebeenshowntoincreasebonedensity,theyshouldbedoneinasafeway,minimizingthe
riskforfallsastheyareatincreasedriskforfracturewithadiagnosisofosteoporosis.
YouaretalkingtoyourpatientwhohasbeenrecentlydiagnosedwithOsteoporosis.Theymentiontoyouthatthe
yaredoingsafe,weightbearingexerciseseachdaytoincreasebonedensity.TheyarealsotakingaCalciumsu
pplement.Whatadditionalsupplementwouldyourecommendtheytake?Explainwhy.-
(CorrectAnswer)`TheyshouldalsotakeaVitaminDsupplement,asithelpstoincreasecalciumabsorption.
, Youaretalkingtoyourpatientwhohasbeenrecentlydiagnosedwith
Osteoporosis.YouhavesuggestedthattheystarttakingCalciumandVitaminDdaily.Whatelsecanyourecom
mendtoslowtheprogressionofthisdisease?-(CorrectAnswer)`Youshouldrecommendregularweight-
bearingexercisestoincreasebonedensity.Thisshouldbedoneinasafemannerminimizingtheriskforfalls.
(Thekeyissafety.Weight-
bearingexercisesdonesafelyisthebestanswer,butexercisedoneinawaythatminimizesriskoffracturesisthe
key.Exercisesdonesafelyasananswershouldreceivefullcredit.)
True/False:Cellproliferationistheprocessinwhichproliferatingcellsbecomemorespecializedcelltypes.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False,celldifferentiation
True/False:Celldifferentiationistheprocessofincreasingcellnumbersbymitoticcelldivision.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False,cellproliferation
YouareworkingintheEmergencyDepartment,anda17-year-
oldmalewhois6'2"isbroughtinviaambulancewithcomplaintsofchestpainontheleftsideanddifficultybreathi
ng.Hisparentsreportthathewasplayingbasketballintheirdrivewayandsuddenlycollapsedwithcomplaintsof
theabovesymptoms.YouorderaCTscanofhischestanddeterminethathehasexperiencedalarge,spontane
ouspneumothoraxinhisleftlung.Describethetreatmentrequiredforthiscondition.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Inalargepneumothorax,theairmustberemovedbyneedleaspirationoracloseddrainages
ystemwithorwithoutsuction.
YouareevaluatingapatientintheEmergencyDepartmentwhowasbroughtinbyambulanceafterbeinginvolv
edinaseriousmotorvehicleaccident.Theirrespiratoryrateisincreased;theyareexperiencingdifficultybreath
ing,andbreathsoundsintheirrightlungarediminished.YouorderaCTscananddeterminethattheyareexperie
ncingapneumothoraxoftheirrightlung.Pulseoximetryandarterialbloodgasesrevealthatbloodoxygenationi
soutsideofnormallimits.Describethetreatmentrequiredtoreversethiscondition.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Emergencytreatmentofatensionpneumothoraxrequirestheimmediateinsertionofalarge
-boreneedleorchesttubeintotheaffectedside,alongwithone-
wayvalvedrainageorcontinuouschestsuctiontoaidinre-inflatingtheaffectedlung.
Whataretwoimportantpropertiesthatstemcellspossess?-(CorrectAnswer)`PotencyandSelf-renewal
TrueorFalse.Iffalse,explainwhyitisfalse.
Humoralimmunityisaformofinnateimmunity-
(CorrectAnswer)`False,humoralimmunityisaformofadaptiveimmunity.
True/False:Theinnateimmuneresponsetakestimetoacquireandisdevelopedovermultipleexposurestofor
eignorganisms.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False,theadaptiveimmuneresponsetakestimetoacquireandisdevelopedovermultiplee
xposurestoforeignorganisms.
ORTheinnateimmuneresponseisimmediateinnature.
TrueorFalse.Iffalse,explainwhyitisfalse.
Aninitialimmuneresponsethatisgeneralized(non-
specific)andunabletodistinguishbetweenvariousforeignagentsischaracteristicofadaptiveimmunity.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False.Aninitialimmuneresponsethatisgeneralized(non-
specific)andunabletodistinguishbetweenvariousforeignagentsischaracteristicofinnateimmunity.
OR
Adaptiveimmunityservesnotonlytodistinguishselffromnon-
selfbuttorecognizeanddestroyspecificforeignagentsbasedontheirdifferentantigenicproperties.
Exam
Takingyourchildtothepediatricianfortheirannualwellcheck-
upandkeepingupwiththerecommendedvaccinationschedulewouldbeanexampleof:-
(CorrectAnswer)`Primaryprevention
YouareseeingapatientinyourclinicwhorecentlysufferedaTIA.Recentdiagnostictestsrevealedthathehasat
rialfibrillation.Youdecidetoputhimonabloodthinnertopreventafutureneurologicevent.Thiswouldbeanexa
mpleof:-(CorrectAnswer)`Tertiaryprevention
Jamesisbeingseenforhisfirstcolonoscopy.Heturned50thisyear,andhisfatherrecentlypassedawayfromco
loncanceratage85.Thiswouldbeanexampleof:-(CorrectAnswer)`Secondaryprevention
True/False:Metaplasticcellsarenotbetterpreparedtosurviveunderstressfulcircumstances-
(CorrectAnswer)`False
Fillintheblank:________propelchymealongthesmallintestinetowardthelargeintestineinonedirection.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Peristalticmovements
Fillintheblank:___________occludesmallportionsoftheintestinallumentopushdigestivecontentsforward
andbackward-(CorrectAnswer)`SegmentationWaves
TrueorFalse:Peristalticmovementsoccurintwodirections.-(CorrectAnswer)`False,onedirection
True/False:Hypertrophycanoccurundernormalandpathologicalconditions.-(CorrectAnswer)`True
YouarereadingresultsfromarecentbloodpanelforFred,a76-year-
oldmale.Hishemoglobinlevelsare15.5g/dL.Wouldthisbeconsideredanormalorabnormalvalue?-
(CorrectAnswer)`Normal
YouarereadingresultsfromarecentbloodpanelforSusan,a48-year-
oldfemale.Herhemoglobinlevelsare7g/dL.Wouldthisbeconsideredanormalorabnormalvalue?-
(CorrectAnswer)`Abnormal.NormalHemoglobinlevelsforafemaleis12-15g/dL
YouarereadingresultsfromarecentbloodpanelforJane,a37-year-
oldfemale.Herhemoglobinlevelsare13g/dL.Wouldthisbeconsideredanormalorabnormalvalue?-
(CorrectAnswer)`Normal
Whicharetrueofthemitochondria?Selectallthatapply.-(CorrectAnswer)`Itisinvolvedincellularrespiration
Theyplayaroleinapoptosis
WhichisNOTtrueofthecytoskeleton?-(CorrectAnswer)`Itincludesperoxisomesandproteasomes
,WhichofthefollowingisanactiveformofVitaminD?-(CorrectAnswer)`25-hydroxycholecalciferol
WhichofthefollowingisaninactiveformofVitaminD?-(CorrectAnswer)`Cholecalciferol
Whichofthefollowingissynthesizedinthekidneyandregulatesthedifferentiationofredbloodcellswithinbone
marrow?-(CorrectAnswer)`Erythropoietin
Whicharetrueofthecellmembrane?Selectallthatapply.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Controlsthetransportofmaterialsfromtheoutsidefluidstowithin
Helpswiththeconductionofelectricalcurrentsinnerveandmusclecells
Aidsintheregulationofcellgrowthandproliferation
TrueorFalse.Iffalse,explainwhythestatementisfalse.
Abenignneoplasminvadesanddestroystissueandpossessesarapidrateofgrowth.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False.Amalignantneoplasminvadesanddestroystissuesandpossessesarapidrateofgro
wth.
OR
Abenignneoplasmresemblesthecellsofthetissuesoforiginandpossessesaslowrateofgrowth.
TrueorFalse.Iffalse,explainwhythestatementisfalse.
Amalignantneoplasmresemblesthecellsofthetissuesoforiginandpossessesaslowrateofgrowth.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False.Abenignneoplasmresemblesthecellsofthetissuesoforiginandpossessesaslowra
teofgrowth.
OR
Amalignantneoplasminvadesanddestroystissueandpossessesarapidrateofgrowth.
List2differencesbetweenbenignandmalignantneoplasms.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Anycombinationofthefollowing-Benigntumorsarewell-
differentiatedcells,resemblethecellsoftissuesoforigin,andhaveaslow,progressiverateofgrowth.Theygro
wbyexpansionandremainlocalizedtotheirsiteoforigin,notcapableofmetastasizing.Malignantneoplasmsin
vadeanddestroytissue.Theygrowrapidly,spreadtootherpartsofthebody,andlackwell-
definedmargins.Theycancompressbloodvesselsandoutgrowtheirbloodsupply,causingischemiaandtissu
einjury.
Compareandcontrastthetwotypesofgangrenousnecrosis.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Indrygangrenetheaffectedtissuebecomesdryandshrinks,theskinwrinkles,anditscolorc
hangestodarkbrownorblack.Thespreadofdrygangreneisslow.Itresultsfromacut-
offinarterialbloodsupplyandisaformofcoagulationnecrosis.Inwetgangrene,theaffectedareaiscold,swolle
n,andpulseless.Theskinismoist,black,andundertension.Blebsformonthesurface,liquefactionoccurs,and
afoulodoriscausedbybacterialaction.Thespreadoftissuedamageisrapid.
YouaretalkingtoyourpatientwhohasbeenrecentlydiagnosedwithOsteoporosis.Theymentionedthattheyjo
inedaSilverSneakersprogramattheirlocalgymbecausetheyreadthatweight-
bearingexercisepromotesbonedensity.Whatwordofcautionwouldyougivetothemastheyparticipateinthis
program?-(CorrectAnswer)`Whileweight-
bearingexerciseshavebeenshowntoincreasebonedensity,theyshouldbedoneinasafeway,minimizingthe
riskforfallsastheyareatincreasedriskforfracturewithadiagnosisofosteoporosis.
YouaretalkingtoyourpatientwhohasbeenrecentlydiagnosedwithOsteoporosis.Theymentiontoyouthatthe
yaredoingsafe,weightbearingexerciseseachdaytoincreasebonedensity.TheyarealsotakingaCalciumsu
pplement.Whatadditionalsupplementwouldyourecommendtheytake?Explainwhy.-
(CorrectAnswer)`TheyshouldalsotakeaVitaminDsupplement,asithelpstoincreasecalciumabsorption.
, Youaretalkingtoyourpatientwhohasbeenrecentlydiagnosedwith
Osteoporosis.YouhavesuggestedthattheystarttakingCalciumandVitaminDdaily.Whatelsecanyourecom
mendtoslowtheprogressionofthisdisease?-(CorrectAnswer)`Youshouldrecommendregularweight-
bearingexercisestoincreasebonedensity.Thisshouldbedoneinasafemannerminimizingtheriskforfalls.
(Thekeyissafety.Weight-
bearingexercisesdonesafelyisthebestanswer,butexercisedoneinawaythatminimizesriskoffracturesisthe
key.Exercisesdonesafelyasananswershouldreceivefullcredit.)
True/False:Cellproliferationistheprocessinwhichproliferatingcellsbecomemorespecializedcelltypes.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False,celldifferentiation
True/False:Celldifferentiationistheprocessofincreasingcellnumbersbymitoticcelldivision.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False,cellproliferation
YouareworkingintheEmergencyDepartment,anda17-year-
oldmalewhois6'2"isbroughtinviaambulancewithcomplaintsofchestpainontheleftsideanddifficultybreathi
ng.Hisparentsreportthathewasplayingbasketballintheirdrivewayandsuddenlycollapsedwithcomplaintsof
theabovesymptoms.YouorderaCTscanofhischestanddeterminethathehasexperiencedalarge,spontane
ouspneumothoraxinhisleftlung.Describethetreatmentrequiredforthiscondition.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Inalargepneumothorax,theairmustberemovedbyneedleaspirationoracloseddrainages
ystemwithorwithoutsuction.
YouareevaluatingapatientintheEmergencyDepartmentwhowasbroughtinbyambulanceafterbeinginvolv
edinaseriousmotorvehicleaccident.Theirrespiratoryrateisincreased;theyareexperiencingdifficultybreath
ing,andbreathsoundsintheirrightlungarediminished.YouorderaCTscananddeterminethattheyareexperie
ncingapneumothoraxoftheirrightlung.Pulseoximetryandarterialbloodgasesrevealthatbloodoxygenationi
soutsideofnormallimits.Describethetreatmentrequiredtoreversethiscondition.-
(CorrectAnswer)`Emergencytreatmentofatensionpneumothoraxrequirestheimmediateinsertionofalarge
-boreneedleorchesttubeintotheaffectedside,alongwithone-
wayvalvedrainageorcontinuouschestsuctiontoaidinre-inflatingtheaffectedlung.
Whataretwoimportantpropertiesthatstemcellspossess?-(CorrectAnswer)`PotencyandSelf-renewal
TrueorFalse.Iffalse,explainwhyitisfalse.
Humoralimmunityisaformofinnateimmunity-
(CorrectAnswer)`False,humoralimmunityisaformofadaptiveimmunity.
True/False:Theinnateimmuneresponsetakestimetoacquireandisdevelopedovermultipleexposurestofor
eignorganisms.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False,theadaptiveimmuneresponsetakestimetoacquireandisdevelopedovermultiplee
xposurestoforeignorganisms.
ORTheinnateimmuneresponseisimmediateinnature.
TrueorFalse.Iffalse,explainwhyitisfalse.
Aninitialimmuneresponsethatisgeneralized(non-
specific)andunabletodistinguishbetweenvariousforeignagentsischaracteristicofadaptiveimmunity.-
(CorrectAnswer)`False.Aninitialimmuneresponsethatisgeneralized(non-
specific)andunabletodistinguishbetweenvariousforeignagentsischaracteristicofinnateimmunity.
OR
Adaptiveimmunityservesnotonlytodistinguishselffromnon-
selfbuttorecognizeanddestroyspecificforeignagentsbasedontheirdifferentantigenicproperties.
