TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-
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19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy
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Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
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Complete Chapters 1- y5 y5
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Include
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d| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
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, Chapter 01 y5
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
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specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two d
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iffer? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
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CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antige
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n, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the rece
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ptor). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective
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theory was shown to be correct.
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2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain h
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ow serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He c
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hallenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
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some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previo
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usly exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathog
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ens as vaccines.y5 y5
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a poten
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tial bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
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CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended.
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As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
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increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to t
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he disease.y5
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising
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incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in th
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e rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
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CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, case
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s of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
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5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. An
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
tibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines
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are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measur
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es.
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do
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I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immun
5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
ology, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
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CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
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as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most comm
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
on forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against
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which they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens t
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hat are closely-related.
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7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during
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the development of B cells.
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CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogen
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
s as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and targ
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et host antigens.
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8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body
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via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
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CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive sur
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veillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body
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is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
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9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Innate Immunity y5
Adaptive Immunity y5
y5 Is mediated by what cells?
y5 y5 y5 y5
What do they recognize? y5 y5 y5
How are the receptors encoded?
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Why can't they control all infections alone? W
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hat do they do in response to antigen?
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, CORRECT ANSWER: y5
Innate Immunity y5
Adaptive y
5
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK ce y5 y5
Is mediated by
y5 y5 T cells and B
y5 y5 y5
lls, neutrophils, mast
y5 y5 y
what cells?
y5 y5 cells y5
cells eosinophils
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What do they y5 y5 Pathogen patterns y5
Specific
recognize?
y5
y5
epitope
s
How are the y5 y5
Rearranged
receptors Germ line y5
gene segments y5
encoded?
Why can't they y5 y5 y5
Pathogens evolve y5 y5 Takes too long y5 y5 y5
control all infect y5 y5
escape mechanisms y5 to develop y5
ions alone? y5
What do they do y5 y5 y5 y Produce antib y5
Engulf and destroy, y5 y5
in response to a
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induce inflammatio y5 y5
ntigen? cted cells y5
n
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someo
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ne experiencing an inflammatory response.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
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localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of bloo
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d pressure if more severe.
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11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipien
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t be immune from future bites of the same species?
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CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- y5 y5 y5 y5
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
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term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate lo
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ng-lived memory cells. y5 y5
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
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CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A
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B-
y5
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inhe
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
rited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
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cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y
Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
5 y5 y5 y5 y5
Complete Chapters 1- y5 y5
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Include
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
d| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
y5 y5 y5
, Chapter 01 y5
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two d
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
iffer? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antige
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
n, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the rece
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
ptor). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
theory was shown to be correct.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain h
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
ow serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He c
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
hallenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previo
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
usly exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathog
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
ens as vaccines.y5 y5
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a poten
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
tial bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to t
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
he disease.y5
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in th
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
e rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, case
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
s of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. An
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
tibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measur
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
es.
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y
I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immun
5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
ology, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most comm
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
on forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against
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which they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens t
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
hat are closely-related.
y5 y5
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
the development of B cells.
y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogen
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
s as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and targ
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
et host antigens.
y5 y5
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y
via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive sur
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
veillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
Innate Immunity y5
Adaptive Immunity y5
y5 Is mediated by what cells?
y5 y5 y5 y5
What do they recognize? y5 y5 y5
How are the receptors encoded?
y5 y5 y5 y5
Why can't they control all infections alone? W
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
hat do they do in response to antigen?
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
, CORRECT ANSWER: y5
Innate Immunity y5
Adaptive y
5
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK ce y5 y5
Is mediated by
y5 y5 T cells and B
y5 y5 y5
lls, neutrophils, mast
y5 y5 y
what cells?
y5 y5 cells y5
cells eosinophils
5 y5
What do they y5 y5 Pathogen patterns y5
Specific
recognize?
y5
y5
epitope
s
How are the y5 y5
Rearranged
receptors Germ line y5
gene segments y5
encoded?
Why can't they y5 y5 y5
Pathogens evolve y5 y5 Takes too long y5 y5 y5
control all infect y5 y5
escape mechanisms y5 to develop y5
ions alone? y5
What do they do y5 y5 y5 y Produce antib y5
Engulf and destroy, y5 y5
in response to a
5 y5 y5 y5 odies, kill infe y5 y5
induce inflammatio y5 y5
ntigen? cted cells y5
n
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someo
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
ne experiencing an inflammatory response.
y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y
localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of bloo
5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
d pressure if more severe.
y5 y5 y5 y5
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipien
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
t be immune from future bites of the same species?
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- y5 y5 y5 y5
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate lo
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
ng-lived memory cells. y5 y5
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
B-
y5
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inhe
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
rited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5 y5
