BIOC 2580 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
examples of small molecules - ANSWER amino acids, sugars, | | | | | | | |
nucleotides, carboxylic acid derivatives
|| || || ||
examples of macromolecules - ANSWER built from small molecules
| | | | | | | |
|| proteins: chains of amino aids || || || ||
polysaccharides: chains of sugar || || ||
|| nucleic acids: chains of nucleotides
|| || || ||
myoglobin - ANSWER protein which stores oxygen in muscle tissue || || || || || || || || ||
|| protein is _____________ large? - ANSWER 10,000 to 100,000 g mol-1
|| || || || || || || ||
what measurement is used to express protein size - ANSWER
| | | | | | | | |
kilodaltons (kDa)
|| ||
1 Dalton = - ANSWER 1 g mol-1
|| || || || || || ||
|| 1 kDa = - ANSWER 1000 g mol-1
|| || || || || || ||
building block principle of macromolecular structure? - ANSWER
|| || || || || || ||
building blocks bonded together with simple repeated bonds
|| | | | | | | |
amino acids react to form what kind of bond? - ANSWER they react to form
|| || | || || || || || || || || || || ||
amide bonds
|| ||
protein composition - ANSWER linear chains of amino acids - NO
| | | | | | | | | |
BRANCHING
||
amide bond - ANSWER carboxylic acid + amino group nucleophilic
| | | | | | | | ||
|| addition
bond in proteins? - ANSWER peptide bonds: type of amide bond
| | | | | | | | | |
,is every protein the same? - ANSWER - nope, each protein has a unique
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||
sequence of diff amino acids
|| || || || ||
- a well defined size + structure
| | | | |
- diverse functions ||
- catalyzing reactions: enzymes || ||
- forming complex subcellular structures || || ||
small protein = - ANSWER small # of amino acids
|| || || || || || || || ||
amino acid structure - ANSWER a carboxyl group, amine group, and R
|| || || || | || || || || || ||
group
||
condensation - ANSWER H2O is removed from the units being linked || || | || | || || || | ||
hydrolysis - ANSWER H2O is added: carboxylic acid and the amino | | | | | | | | | |
group are regenerated
|| || ||
in hydrolysis, what bond will water attack? - ANSWER water attacks
|| || || || || || || || || ||
the C=O group of the amide which is considered toe point of
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
weakness
||
peptide chains - ANSWER amino acids linking together to form a
|| || || | | | || || || |
peptide chain
|| ||
polypeptide - ANSWER chain with many amino acids, usually a | | | | | | | | |
complete protein
|| ||
oligopeptide - ANSWER a chain with a few amino acids, usually a | | | | | | | | | | |
fragment
||
central backbone atom of the amino acid side chain strucutre? -
|| || || || || || || || || ||
ANSWER alpha carbon || | |
alpha carbon - ANSWER the central carbon atom of each amino acid:
| || || | || | | || | | ||
always has COO- and NH3+ attached
|| || || || || ||
beta carbon - ANSWER the first atom of the side chain: y-carbon is the
| || || || || | | || || || || || ||
second and etc.
|| || ||
,dna nucleotides - ANSWER Guanine - G
|| || || || || ||
|| Cytosine - C || ||
Thymine - T | |
|| Adenine - A || ||
basis of macromolecule assembly - ANSWER the reversible formation of
| | | | | | | | ||
certain kinds of bonds like ester/amide bonds to link smaller subunits
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
into long chains
|| || ||
what determines both the specific properties of a particular amino
|| || || || || || || || ||
acid as well as what role it plays in a protein? - ANSWER the side
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
chain R
|| ||
basis of metabolism - ANSWER storing or releasing energy
| | | | | | | |
- interconversions of small molecules may be used to store or release || || || || || || || || || ||
energy
||
1 DA = ? - ANSWER 0.001 kDA (divide by 1000)
|| || || || || || || || || ||
property and function of protein determined by? - ANSWER | || || || || || || ||
arrangement of amino acids in the chain
|| | | | | | |
ester bonds link || || to in nuecleotides - ANSWER sugar
| | | |
to phosphate
|| ||
nucleotide very general structure - ANSWER unit, base, sugar || | || || | | || ||
condensation carboxylic acid + amino group (specifically the amine) - || || || || || || || || ||
ANSWER forms an amide bond: carboxylic acid + amino group
|| || || || || || || || || ||
(specifically the amine)
|| || ||
purpose: to link the amino acids together in a peptide chain, to form a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
polypeptide eventually a protein
|| || || ||
carboxylic acid + alchohol - ANSWER ester | || | || || ||
amino acid residue - ANSWER the portion of an amino acid structure
| | | | | | | | | | |
, that remains, after H2O is removed through condensation when an
|| || || || || || || || ||
amino acid participates in peptide bond formation as it becomes part
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
of a peptide chain
|| || || ||
N- terminal amino acid - ANSWER - amino acid with the free NH3+
| | | | | | | | | | | |
group, written on the left: usually protonated
|| || || || || || ||
C - terminal amino acid - ANSWER the end amino acid in a peptide chain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
with a free -COO- group (carboxylate)
|| || || || || ||
very non-polar side chains characteristics - ANSWER dominated by
|| || || | || || | ||
hydrocarbons
||
consist of C-C, C-H bonds || || || ||
non polar hydrocarbon and hydrophobic
|| || || ||
why is methionine considered nonpolar, even though it has polar
|| || || || || || || || ||
sulfur? - ANSWER there's so many hydrocarbons they essentially
|| | | | | | | | |
"override" the polar groups
|| || || ||
polarity - ANSWER due to atoms having different electronegativity or
|| || || || || || || || ||
tendency to hold bonding electrons
|| || || || ||
nonpolar - ANSWER atoms with similar electronegativities which || || || || || || ||
share bonding electrons equally
|| || || ||
atoms with diff electronegativites - ANSWER distribute electrons
| | | | | | |
unequally - more electronegative electrons like oxygen or nitrogen
|| || || || || || || || ||
get 50%+ share
|| || ||
leads to unbalanced charges, polar bonds
|| || || || ||
moderately nonpolar - ANSWER atoms in the chains of these amino | | | | | | | | | |
acids do make them nonpolar, but these atoms do not make them
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
very nonpolar
|| ||
hydrophobicity related to.... - ANSWER # of CH, CH2 or CH3 groups | | | | | | | | | | |
present
||
which amino acid has a SECONDARY AMINO GROUP - ANSWER
|| || || || || || || || ||
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
examples of small molecules - ANSWER amino acids, sugars, | | | | | | | |
nucleotides, carboxylic acid derivatives
|| || || ||
examples of macromolecules - ANSWER built from small molecules
| | | | | | | |
|| proteins: chains of amino aids || || || ||
polysaccharides: chains of sugar || || ||
|| nucleic acids: chains of nucleotides
|| || || ||
myoglobin - ANSWER protein which stores oxygen in muscle tissue || || || || || || || || ||
|| protein is _____________ large? - ANSWER 10,000 to 100,000 g mol-1
|| || || || || || || ||
what measurement is used to express protein size - ANSWER
| | | | | | | | |
kilodaltons (kDa)
|| ||
1 Dalton = - ANSWER 1 g mol-1
|| || || || || || ||
|| 1 kDa = - ANSWER 1000 g mol-1
|| || || || || || ||
building block principle of macromolecular structure? - ANSWER
|| || || || || || ||
building blocks bonded together with simple repeated bonds
|| | | | | | | |
amino acids react to form what kind of bond? - ANSWER they react to form
|| || | || || || || || || || || || || ||
amide bonds
|| ||
protein composition - ANSWER linear chains of amino acids - NO
| | | | | | | | | |
BRANCHING
||
amide bond - ANSWER carboxylic acid + amino group nucleophilic
| | | | | | | | ||
|| addition
bond in proteins? - ANSWER peptide bonds: type of amide bond
| | | | | | | | | |
,is every protein the same? - ANSWER - nope, each protein has a unique
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||
sequence of diff amino acids
|| || || || ||
- a well defined size + structure
| | | | |
- diverse functions ||
- catalyzing reactions: enzymes || ||
- forming complex subcellular structures || || ||
small protein = - ANSWER small # of amino acids
|| || || || || || || || ||
amino acid structure - ANSWER a carboxyl group, amine group, and R
|| || || || | || || || || || ||
group
||
condensation - ANSWER H2O is removed from the units being linked || || | || | || || || | ||
hydrolysis - ANSWER H2O is added: carboxylic acid and the amino | | | | | | | | | |
group are regenerated
|| || ||
in hydrolysis, what bond will water attack? - ANSWER water attacks
|| || || || || || || || || ||
the C=O group of the amide which is considered toe point of
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
weakness
||
peptide chains - ANSWER amino acids linking together to form a
|| || || | | | || || || |
peptide chain
|| ||
polypeptide - ANSWER chain with many amino acids, usually a | | | | | | | | |
complete protein
|| ||
oligopeptide - ANSWER a chain with a few amino acids, usually a | | | | | | | | | | |
fragment
||
central backbone atom of the amino acid side chain strucutre? -
|| || || || || || || || || ||
ANSWER alpha carbon || | |
alpha carbon - ANSWER the central carbon atom of each amino acid:
| || || | || | | || | | ||
always has COO- and NH3+ attached
|| || || || || ||
beta carbon - ANSWER the first atom of the side chain: y-carbon is the
| || || || || | | || || || || || ||
second and etc.
|| || ||
,dna nucleotides - ANSWER Guanine - G
|| || || || || ||
|| Cytosine - C || ||
Thymine - T | |
|| Adenine - A || ||
basis of macromolecule assembly - ANSWER the reversible formation of
| | | | | | | | ||
certain kinds of bonds like ester/amide bonds to link smaller subunits
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
into long chains
|| || ||
what determines both the specific properties of a particular amino
|| || || || || || || || ||
acid as well as what role it plays in a protein? - ANSWER the side
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
chain R
|| ||
basis of metabolism - ANSWER storing or releasing energy
| | | | | | | |
- interconversions of small molecules may be used to store or release || || || || || || || || || ||
energy
||
1 DA = ? - ANSWER 0.001 kDA (divide by 1000)
|| || || || || || || || || ||
property and function of protein determined by? - ANSWER | || || || || || || ||
arrangement of amino acids in the chain
|| | | | | | |
ester bonds link || || to in nuecleotides - ANSWER sugar
| | | |
to phosphate
|| ||
nucleotide very general structure - ANSWER unit, base, sugar || | || || | | || ||
condensation carboxylic acid + amino group (specifically the amine) - || || || || || || || || ||
ANSWER forms an amide bond: carboxylic acid + amino group
|| || || || || || || || || ||
(specifically the amine)
|| || ||
purpose: to link the amino acids together in a peptide chain, to form a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
polypeptide eventually a protein
|| || || ||
carboxylic acid + alchohol - ANSWER ester | || | || || ||
amino acid residue - ANSWER the portion of an amino acid structure
| | | | | | | | | | |
, that remains, after H2O is removed through condensation when an
|| || || || || || || || ||
amino acid participates in peptide bond formation as it becomes part
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
of a peptide chain
|| || || ||
N- terminal amino acid - ANSWER - amino acid with the free NH3+
| | | | | | | | | | | |
group, written on the left: usually protonated
|| || || || || || ||
C - terminal amino acid - ANSWER the end amino acid in a peptide chain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
with a free -COO- group (carboxylate)
|| || || || || ||
very non-polar side chains characteristics - ANSWER dominated by
|| || || | || || | ||
hydrocarbons
||
consist of C-C, C-H bonds || || || ||
non polar hydrocarbon and hydrophobic
|| || || ||
why is methionine considered nonpolar, even though it has polar
|| || || || || || || || ||
sulfur? - ANSWER there's so many hydrocarbons they essentially
|| | | | | | | | |
"override" the polar groups
|| || || ||
polarity - ANSWER due to atoms having different electronegativity or
|| || || || || || || || ||
tendency to hold bonding electrons
|| || || || ||
nonpolar - ANSWER atoms with similar electronegativities which || || || || || || ||
share bonding electrons equally
|| || || ||
atoms with diff electronegativites - ANSWER distribute electrons
| | | | | | |
unequally - more electronegative electrons like oxygen or nitrogen
|| || || || || || || || ||
get 50%+ share
|| || ||
leads to unbalanced charges, polar bonds
|| || || || ||
moderately nonpolar - ANSWER atoms in the chains of these amino | | | | | | | | | |
acids do make them nonpolar, but these atoms do not make them
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
very nonpolar
|| ||
hydrophobicity related to.... - ANSWER # of CH, CH2 or CH3 groups | | | | | | | | | | |
present
||
which amino acid has a SECONDARY AMINO GROUP - ANSWER
|| || || || || || || || ||
