BIOD 101 Final Exam – 2025 | Portage Learning | Complete Verified Q&As + Review Guide

BIOD 101 Final Exam – 2025 | Portage
Learning | Complete Verified Q&As +
Review Guide




BIOD 101 Final Exam – 2025 | Portage Learning | Complete Verified Q&As + Review Guide
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1. Module 1 AS




Identify the major elements and bonding relationships that make up matter.-
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: Ionic Bonds= are generated based on the attraction between oppositely charged parti
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es.

Covalent Bonds= occurs when electrons are shared by two atoms to complete the valen
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e shells of both. In general, covalent bonds exist between two non-metals.
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Hydrogen Bonds=relatively weak bond AS AS AS




2. Module 1 AS




Describe the structure and function of the four main types of organic com-
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pounds that make up biomacromolecules. (Carb,lipid,proteins,nucelic acids)-
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: Carbohydrate= commonly referred to as sugars, are the primary source of fuel. Structu
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e (C,H,O), H-0 always 2:1
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Lipid= Insoluble in water (made of non- AS AS AS AS AS AS




polar hydrocarbons), NOT MONOMERS (assembled from smaller molecules), Ex. Fats,
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oils,steiroids. (trigylcerides most abundant) Phospholipids have a polar head (like wat
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er hydrophilic) and non-polar tail (repel water hydrophobic).
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Steroids - AS




are a type of lipid made up of four, fused carbon rings with attached functional groups,
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ten containing an alcohol
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,Proteins=are constructed from monomers called amino acids. AS AS AS AS AS AS




(1) Proteins can act as enzymes and regulate metabolic functions, (2) store amino acid
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s, (3) act as hormones (4) form antibodies for immunological defense (5) act as carrie
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rs for transport and also form membrane channels, (6) form cell surface receptors to
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receive chemical messages and (7) act as structural molecules for support and move
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ment.
Some functions of proteins are to make many needed protective tissues such as skin, h
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ir, and fingernails. Proteins also form enzymes (catalysts that speed up chemical reacti
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ns) and are used to make needed substances such as hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in
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red blood cells.AS AS




Nucleic acids-molecules that carry genetic information within the cell.
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DNA-
contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inherita
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ble characteristics of living organisms. (Adenine,guanine,cytosine,thymine) RNA-
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is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synt
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hesize proteins. (has URACIL instead of thymine)
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,3. Proteins Continued: Amino acids that must be obtained from foods in the diet ar
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e called essential amino acids; non-
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essential amino acids can be manufactured by the human body.
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Peptide bonds- AS




are covalent bonds that hold amino acids together to form proteins. A long chain of am
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no acids is therefore called a polypeptide.
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Primary structure. - AS AS




his is the order in which the amino acid monomer units are arranged in a linear polype
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tide chain. AS




Secondary structure.-There are two repeating patterns that may occur in a polypep-
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tide chain.
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Tertiary structure.-This is the overall three- AS AS AS AS AS




dimensional shape assumed by each individual polypeptide chain. AS AS AS AS AS AS AS




Quaternary structure. -Formation occurs when two or more polypeptide chains interac
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4. Module 1 AS




Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.: Prokaryotic-
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Smaller, has no Nucleus, No membrane-bound organelles (bacteria cells)
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Eukaryotic- More complex, have a nucleus, contain membrane bound organelles
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5. Module 1 AS




Determine the roles of the major components of a cell.: Nucleus- AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS




suspended by nucleoplasm. Contains the genomic content of the cell (DNA) and serves
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s the control center of the cell.
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Ribosomes-
are complexes of tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins. (NOT organelles) R
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NA + an enzyme necessary for linking amino acids together.
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- AS AS




ER forms a maze of tightly packed tubules that form interconnected compartments, ca
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d cisternae, within the cytoplasm.After proteins are assembled by the ribosomes, they a
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e modified and transported by the ER (2 parts)
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)- small granular ribosomes attached.ER mem-
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brane sequesters these newly made glycoproteins from the proteins in the cytosol
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, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has no attached ribosomes and is responsible
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