Peds Lecture #1 Material ACTUAL EXAM 2025/2026
EXPERT VERIFIED QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
ANSWERS| GUARANTEED PASS
What is authoritarian parenting?
When a parent controls the child's behavior.
Ex) AA parent tells their child, "You will finish your homework before doing anything
else, and I don't want to hear excuses."
What is permissive parenting?
parents who have minimal control of their child, lenient, and avoid
confrontation (opposite of authoritarian)
Ex) A parent lets their child stay up late playing video games on a school night and
says, “It’s okay, just try not to be too tired tomorrow.”
What is democratic parenting?
parents set clear rules but are also supportive and communicative.
Compromising (BEST)
Ex) A parent expects their child to do homework every day but is willing to help and
listen when the child is overwhelmed. They might say, “I understand you’re tired after
practice - let’s come up with a schedule together.”
What is passive parenting?
parents who are uninvolved and uninterested in their children (neglectful)
Ex) a parent is rarely home or emotionally available and doesn’t check if the child has
done homework or eaten meals.
What are expected physical assessment in hair/scalp of a baby?
evenly distributed. Bald spots on a baby can indicate being in the same position for
too long.
What are fontanelles?
When is posterior fontanelle closed?
When is anterior fontanelle closed?
spaces between the bones of the skull where bone formation isn’t complete
Posterior fontanelle closes by 8 weeks of age
Anterior fontanelle closes between 12-18 months of age
What are expected findings of eyes of a baby?
Irises: perm color noted between 6-12 months of age
Diff to assess vision until age 3 tested by holding an object in front of infant to see if
they fixed and follow it
Newborn eye movement may be jerky initially
A child should be able to identify color
What are expected findings of ears of a baby?
,Tops of the ears (auricles) should be line up with the outer canthus of the eye
Cerumen are expected findings
How do you perform inner ear examination of a young child vs an adult?
infants and toddlers: pinna down and back
older than 3 years: pinna up and back
What are normal hearing findings of an infant?
What is a method for older child screening tool?
infants should startle at loud sounds and turn toward sound
whisper a word behind to see if they can identify the word
What are expected findings of mouth in infants?
infants have white coating on their tongue from milk (normal)
- oral candidiasis (thrush) is not expected and cannot be wiped away
What are expected findings of teeth in infants?
infants should have 6-8 teeth by 1 yr old
children and adolescents begin losing their deciduous teeth (Baby)
should see a dentist soon after the first tooth erupts
What is normal findings of newborn breast enlargment?
few days after birth
What are normal genitalia findings of male (pediatrics)?
Enlargement of the penis occurs during adolescence
Left testicle hangs slightly lower than right
What are normal genitalia findings of a female (pediatrics)?
Female: labia symmetrical
vaginal orifice: the hymen can be absent, present, or partially present prior to sexual
intercourse
What are unexpected findings of the musculoskeletal system (pediatrics)?
spine should be without dimples (small indentations) or tufts of hair
- dimples or tuffs of hair on the sacral may indicate spinal deformities like tethered
spinal cord or spina bifida occulta (where the spine does not fully close)
Toddlers and young children can be bow legged or knock-kneed and feet should
face forward. As the child gets older gait should be steady
What are the four stages in piaget's theory of cognitive development?
1. Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
2. Preoperational (2-7 yrs)
3. Concrete Operation (7-11 yrs)
4. Formal Operational (11 yrs and older)
What are characteristics in sensorimotor (0-2 yrs old) in piaget's?
coordination of sense with motor responses
Ex) a 6 month-old baby shakes a rattle and listens to the sound
, sensory curiosity about the world
Ex) a 10-month old baby put toys, fingers, or even the edge of a blanket in their mouth
to explore the texture
language used for demands and cataloguing
Ex) a 1 year old says “mama” or “ball” while pointing at a object
object permanence is developed
Ex) an 8 month-old searches under a blanket for a toy you just hid
separation: learn to separate themselves from other objects in the env
Ex) baby leaves the room from mother beginning to realize they are not one person
mental representation: ability to recognize and use symbols when covering a toy with
blanket, they lift the blanket and see its there (Still exists even out of site) (solves
object permanence)
What are characteristics in preoperational (2-7 yrs) in piaget's?
Symbolic thinking
Ex) uses a banana as a phone
Use of proper syntax and grammar to express concepts
"I goed to the park and played with my friend."
imagination and intuition are strong believes stuffed animal has feelings and talks to it
complex abstract thoughts are still difficult may not understand the riddle "What has
hands but can't clap?" (clock is the answer)
conservation is developed begins to understand that pouring water from a short, wide
glass into a tall, skinny glass does not change
Symbolic thought
Children can use words, images, and objects to represent things (e.g., using a stick as a
"sword").
Egocentrism
Difficulty seeing things from another person’s perspective.
Animism
Belief that inanimate objects have feelings or intentions (e.g., “The moon is following
me”).
Centration
Focusing on one aspect of a situation, ignoring others (e.g., judging quantity by
container height alone).
Lack of conservation
Don’t understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or
appearance (e.g., water in different glasses).
Pretend play
Engaging in imaginative play (e.g., playing house, pretending to be a superhero)
.
Language explosion
Rapid growth in vocabulary and grammar skills.
What are characteristics in concrete operational (7-11 yrs) in piaget's?
Concepts attached to concrete situations (like seriation - can order objects by size,
number)
"If you have 12 apples and give 4 to your friend, how many do you have?"
EXPERT VERIFIED QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
ANSWERS| GUARANTEED PASS
What is authoritarian parenting?
When a parent controls the child's behavior.
Ex) AA parent tells their child, "You will finish your homework before doing anything
else, and I don't want to hear excuses."
What is permissive parenting?
parents who have minimal control of their child, lenient, and avoid
confrontation (opposite of authoritarian)
Ex) A parent lets their child stay up late playing video games on a school night and
says, “It’s okay, just try not to be too tired tomorrow.”
What is democratic parenting?
parents set clear rules but are also supportive and communicative.
Compromising (BEST)
Ex) A parent expects their child to do homework every day but is willing to help and
listen when the child is overwhelmed. They might say, “I understand you’re tired after
practice - let’s come up with a schedule together.”
What is passive parenting?
parents who are uninvolved and uninterested in their children (neglectful)
Ex) a parent is rarely home or emotionally available and doesn’t check if the child has
done homework or eaten meals.
What are expected physical assessment in hair/scalp of a baby?
evenly distributed. Bald spots on a baby can indicate being in the same position for
too long.
What are fontanelles?
When is posterior fontanelle closed?
When is anterior fontanelle closed?
spaces between the bones of the skull where bone formation isn’t complete
Posterior fontanelle closes by 8 weeks of age
Anterior fontanelle closes between 12-18 months of age
What are expected findings of eyes of a baby?
Irises: perm color noted between 6-12 months of age
Diff to assess vision until age 3 tested by holding an object in front of infant to see if
they fixed and follow it
Newborn eye movement may be jerky initially
A child should be able to identify color
What are expected findings of ears of a baby?
,Tops of the ears (auricles) should be line up with the outer canthus of the eye
Cerumen are expected findings
How do you perform inner ear examination of a young child vs an adult?
infants and toddlers: pinna down and back
older than 3 years: pinna up and back
What are normal hearing findings of an infant?
What is a method for older child screening tool?
infants should startle at loud sounds and turn toward sound
whisper a word behind to see if they can identify the word
What are expected findings of mouth in infants?
infants have white coating on their tongue from milk (normal)
- oral candidiasis (thrush) is not expected and cannot be wiped away
What are expected findings of teeth in infants?
infants should have 6-8 teeth by 1 yr old
children and adolescents begin losing their deciduous teeth (Baby)
should see a dentist soon after the first tooth erupts
What is normal findings of newborn breast enlargment?
few days after birth
What are normal genitalia findings of male (pediatrics)?
Enlargement of the penis occurs during adolescence
Left testicle hangs slightly lower than right
What are normal genitalia findings of a female (pediatrics)?
Female: labia symmetrical
vaginal orifice: the hymen can be absent, present, or partially present prior to sexual
intercourse
What are unexpected findings of the musculoskeletal system (pediatrics)?
spine should be without dimples (small indentations) or tufts of hair
- dimples or tuffs of hair on the sacral may indicate spinal deformities like tethered
spinal cord or spina bifida occulta (where the spine does not fully close)
Toddlers and young children can be bow legged or knock-kneed and feet should
face forward. As the child gets older gait should be steady
What are the four stages in piaget's theory of cognitive development?
1. Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
2. Preoperational (2-7 yrs)
3. Concrete Operation (7-11 yrs)
4. Formal Operational (11 yrs and older)
What are characteristics in sensorimotor (0-2 yrs old) in piaget's?
coordination of sense with motor responses
Ex) a 6 month-old baby shakes a rattle and listens to the sound
, sensory curiosity about the world
Ex) a 10-month old baby put toys, fingers, or even the edge of a blanket in their mouth
to explore the texture
language used for demands and cataloguing
Ex) a 1 year old says “mama” or “ball” while pointing at a object
object permanence is developed
Ex) an 8 month-old searches under a blanket for a toy you just hid
separation: learn to separate themselves from other objects in the env
Ex) baby leaves the room from mother beginning to realize they are not one person
mental representation: ability to recognize and use symbols when covering a toy with
blanket, they lift the blanket and see its there (Still exists even out of site) (solves
object permanence)
What are characteristics in preoperational (2-7 yrs) in piaget's?
Symbolic thinking
Ex) uses a banana as a phone
Use of proper syntax and grammar to express concepts
"I goed to the park and played with my friend."
imagination and intuition are strong believes stuffed animal has feelings and talks to it
complex abstract thoughts are still difficult may not understand the riddle "What has
hands but can't clap?" (clock is the answer)
conservation is developed begins to understand that pouring water from a short, wide
glass into a tall, skinny glass does not change
Symbolic thought
Children can use words, images, and objects to represent things (e.g., using a stick as a
"sword").
Egocentrism
Difficulty seeing things from another person’s perspective.
Animism
Belief that inanimate objects have feelings or intentions (e.g., “The moon is following
me”).
Centration
Focusing on one aspect of a situation, ignoring others (e.g., judging quantity by
container height alone).
Lack of conservation
Don’t understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or
appearance (e.g., water in different glasses).
Pretend play
Engaging in imaginative play (e.g., playing house, pretending to be a superhero)
.
Language explosion
Rapid growth in vocabulary and grammar skills.
What are characteristics in concrete operational (7-11 yrs) in piaget's?
Concepts attached to concrete situations (like seriation - can order objects by size,
number)
"If you have 12 apples and give 4 to your friend, how many do you have?"
