ECHO FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Diastole is the interval from ______ ______ closure to _____ _____ closure - Answers
- Aortic valve; mitral valve
What are the four phases of diastole: - Answers - 1) IVRT
2) E wave
3) diastasis
4) A kick
When does the IVRT begin? - Answers - When the AOV closes, and there is a rapid
decline in pressure
When the LV falls below the LA pressure, which valve opens? - Answers - Mitral valve
What is diastasis? - Answers - When the LV and LA pressures equalize
Is the IVRT shorter or longer in people with slow heart rates? - Answers - Longer
In normal individuals, atrial filling accounts for what % of total ventricular filling? -
Answers - 20%
What are the most relevant parameters of diastolic function? - Answers - - relaxation
-compliance
-filling pressures
When does LV relaxation occur? - Answers - During the IVRT and the early diastolic
filling period
What is ventricular compliance? - Answers - How much volume the ventricles are able
to take in. It is the ratio between change in volume to change in pressure
What is early diastolic filling affected by? - Answers - 1) changes in preload
2) change in flow rate (mitral regurg)
3) change in atrial pressure
What is late diastolic filling affected by? - Answers - 1) cardiac rhythm
2) ventricular end diastolic pressure
3) heart rate
4) atrial contraction
5) ventricular diastolic function
With inspiration, is there an increase or decrease in venous return to the RA? -
Answers - Increase
, Does LA filling increase or decrease with inspiration? - Answers - It is not affect by
respiration
What are the four basic causes of diastolic dysfunction? - Answers - 1) primary
myocardial disease
2) LV hypertrophy
3) CAD
4) Extrinsic constraint
Most patients with systolic dysfunction have some form of ________ dysfunction -
Answers - Diastolic
What are quantitative measurements that can be made from the Doppler velocity curve?
- Answers - 1) maximum velocities
2) velocity time integrals
3) time intervals
4) measures of acceleration and deacceleration
What is measured with tissue Doppler? - Answers - The velocity of longitudinal
myocardial lengthening in diastole
What are the characteristics of mild diastolic dysfunction? (impaired relaxation)? -
Answers - 1) reduced E velocity
2) prolonged IVRT
3) Longer deaceleration time
4) Tissue Doppler E velocity <8
What is mild diastolic dysfunction? - Answers - impaired ventricular relaxation with
impaired early diastolic filling (reduced E wave) and an increased A wave
What is moderate diastolic dysfunction characterized by? - Answers - Abnormal
compliance, with impaired relaxation; there will be rapid early diastolic filling, with a
short IVRT time, and a small A wave
What is severe diastolic dysfunction characterized by? - Answers - 1) increased E
velocity
2) short IVRT
3) low e' velocity
4) pulmonary vein atrial reversal
SV is affected by _______ and _______ - Answers - preload and afterload
How do you calculate EF? - Answers - EDV-ESV/EDV X 100%
What are five factors that control cardiac output? - Answers - 1) heart rate
Diastole is the interval from ______ ______ closure to _____ _____ closure - Answers
- Aortic valve; mitral valve
What are the four phases of diastole: - Answers - 1) IVRT
2) E wave
3) diastasis
4) A kick
When does the IVRT begin? - Answers - When the AOV closes, and there is a rapid
decline in pressure
When the LV falls below the LA pressure, which valve opens? - Answers - Mitral valve
What is diastasis? - Answers - When the LV and LA pressures equalize
Is the IVRT shorter or longer in people with slow heart rates? - Answers - Longer
In normal individuals, atrial filling accounts for what % of total ventricular filling? -
Answers - 20%
What are the most relevant parameters of diastolic function? - Answers - - relaxation
-compliance
-filling pressures
When does LV relaxation occur? - Answers - During the IVRT and the early diastolic
filling period
What is ventricular compliance? - Answers - How much volume the ventricles are able
to take in. It is the ratio between change in volume to change in pressure
What is early diastolic filling affected by? - Answers - 1) changes in preload
2) change in flow rate (mitral regurg)
3) change in atrial pressure
What is late diastolic filling affected by? - Answers - 1) cardiac rhythm
2) ventricular end diastolic pressure
3) heart rate
4) atrial contraction
5) ventricular diastolic function
With inspiration, is there an increase or decrease in venous return to the RA? -
Answers - Increase
, Does LA filling increase or decrease with inspiration? - Answers - It is not affect by
respiration
What are the four basic causes of diastolic dysfunction? - Answers - 1) primary
myocardial disease
2) LV hypertrophy
3) CAD
4) Extrinsic constraint
Most patients with systolic dysfunction have some form of ________ dysfunction -
Answers - Diastolic
What are quantitative measurements that can be made from the Doppler velocity curve?
- Answers - 1) maximum velocities
2) velocity time integrals
3) time intervals
4) measures of acceleration and deacceleration
What is measured with tissue Doppler? - Answers - The velocity of longitudinal
myocardial lengthening in diastole
What are the characteristics of mild diastolic dysfunction? (impaired relaxation)? -
Answers - 1) reduced E velocity
2) prolonged IVRT
3) Longer deaceleration time
4) Tissue Doppler E velocity <8
What is mild diastolic dysfunction? - Answers - impaired ventricular relaxation with
impaired early diastolic filling (reduced E wave) and an increased A wave
What is moderate diastolic dysfunction characterized by? - Answers - Abnormal
compliance, with impaired relaxation; there will be rapid early diastolic filling, with a
short IVRT time, and a small A wave
What is severe diastolic dysfunction characterized by? - Answers - 1) increased E
velocity
2) short IVRT
3) low e' velocity
4) pulmonary vein atrial reversal
SV is affected by _______ and _______ - Answers - preload and afterload
How do you calculate EF? - Answers - EDV-ESV/EDV X 100%
What are five factors that control cardiac output? - Answers - 1) heart rate
