Medial: Toward midline
Anatomy & Physiology Lateral: Away from midline
Created by:its_nikkii Proximal: Closer to trunk/origin
Distal: Farther from trunk/origin
Levels of Organization Superficial: Toward surface
Chemical level: Atoms and molecules (e.g., Deep: Farther from surface
water , proteins)
Cellular level: Basic unit of life (e.g., Body Planes
muscle cells)
Sagittal Plane: Divides body into right and
Tissue level: Groups of similar cells (e.g.,
left parts
epithelial tissue)
Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides into front
Organ level: Two or more tissue types (e.g.,
and back
heart, liver)
Transverse Plane: Divides into top and
Organ system level: Organs that work bottom
together (e.g., digestive system)
Major Cell Structures & Functions
Organism level: The human body as a
whole Nucleus: Controls cell, contains DNA
Mitochondria: Produces ATP (energy)
Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
Body Systems Overview Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transports
Integumentary: Protects body, regulates materials (rough: proteins, smooth: lipids)
temperature, sensory reception (skin) Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages
Skeletal: Supports, protects, movement, proteins
blood cell formation Lysosomes: Digests waste and pathogens
Muscular: Movement, posture, heat Cell Membrane: Controls entry/exit of
production substances
Nervous: Fast control system, processes
input and responds Homeostasis
Endocrine: Hormone production, slower
regulation of body processes Definition: Maintaining stable internal
Cardiovascular: Transports oxygen, environment
nutrients, hormones, and wastes Negative feedback: Reverses a change
Lymphatic: Immunity, fluid balance, (e.g., body temperature, blood glucose)
absorption of fats Positive feedback: Enhances a change (e.g.,
Respiratory: Gas exchange - oxygen in, childbirth, blood clotting)
carbon dioxide out Major Organ Systems - Key Organs
Digestive: Breaks down food, absorbs Respiratory: Lungs, trachea, bronchi
nutrients, eliminates wastes Cardiovascular: Heart, blood vessels
Urinary: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, Digestive: Stomach, intestines, liver,
regulates water/electrolytes pancreas
Reproductive: Produces gametes, enables Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
reproduction Urinary: Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra
Directional Terms Blood & Circulation Basics
Superior: Above Components of Blood:
Inferior: Below RBCs (oxygen)
Anterior: Front WBCs (infection)
Posterior: Back Platelets (clotting)
Anatomy & Physiology Lateral: Away from midline
Created by:its_nikkii Proximal: Closer to trunk/origin
Distal: Farther from trunk/origin
Levels of Organization Superficial: Toward surface
Chemical level: Atoms and molecules (e.g., Deep: Farther from surface
water , proteins)
Cellular level: Basic unit of life (e.g., Body Planes
muscle cells)
Sagittal Plane: Divides body into right and
Tissue level: Groups of similar cells (e.g.,
left parts
epithelial tissue)
Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides into front
Organ level: Two or more tissue types (e.g.,
and back
heart, liver)
Transverse Plane: Divides into top and
Organ system level: Organs that work bottom
together (e.g., digestive system)
Major Cell Structures & Functions
Organism level: The human body as a
whole Nucleus: Controls cell, contains DNA
Mitochondria: Produces ATP (energy)
Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
Body Systems Overview Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transports
Integumentary: Protects body, regulates materials (rough: proteins, smooth: lipids)
temperature, sensory reception (skin) Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages
Skeletal: Supports, protects, movement, proteins
blood cell formation Lysosomes: Digests waste and pathogens
Muscular: Movement, posture, heat Cell Membrane: Controls entry/exit of
production substances
Nervous: Fast control system, processes
input and responds Homeostasis
Endocrine: Hormone production, slower
regulation of body processes Definition: Maintaining stable internal
Cardiovascular: Transports oxygen, environment
nutrients, hormones, and wastes Negative feedback: Reverses a change
Lymphatic: Immunity, fluid balance, (e.g., body temperature, blood glucose)
absorption of fats Positive feedback: Enhances a change (e.g.,
Respiratory: Gas exchange - oxygen in, childbirth, blood clotting)
carbon dioxide out Major Organ Systems - Key Organs
Digestive: Breaks down food, absorbs Respiratory: Lungs, trachea, bronchi
nutrients, eliminates wastes Cardiovascular: Heart, blood vessels
Urinary: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, Digestive: Stomach, intestines, liver,
regulates water/electrolytes pancreas
Reproductive: Produces gametes, enables Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
reproduction Urinary: Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra
Directional Terms Blood & Circulation Basics
Superior: Above Components of Blood:
Inferior: Below RBCs (oxygen)
Anterior: Front WBCs (infection)
Posterior: Back Platelets (clotting)
