ADRE 6793 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
History of U.S. Drug policies: Early 1800s - Answers - Temperance movement with
clergy begins to form
-Clergyman note that alcohol use has become negative "could corrupt the mind and
body"
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1825-1850 - Answers - Temperance movement
advocated abstinence
-"Washington Total Abstinence Society" - key in shaping future self-help groups -
introduced concept of sharing experiences in closed, alcoholics only meetings.
-"Women's Christian Temperance Movement"
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1870s - Answers - Restrictions on opium and cocaine
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1906 - Answers - "Truth in Food and Drug Act" (Pure
Food and Drug Act)
-When FDA became involved - required labels on drugs contained in products including
opium, morphine, and heroin.
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1914 - Answers - Harrison Narcotic Act (Harrison Act)
-Taxation of opium and cocoa product with registration and record keeping
requirements.
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1920 - Answers - The Volstead Act- Prohibition -
successful in reducing per capita alcohol consumption - was repealed (1933) due to
major social turmoil and defiance
-Following repeal - all states restricted sales of alcoholic beverages in some way
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1937 - Answers - Marijuana Tax Act
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1965 - Answers - Drug Abuse Control Acts
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1970s - Answers - Controlled Substance Act
-Drugs classified by their medical use, potential for abuse, potential for creating
dependence.
Models of Addiction: Moral Model - Answers - -View of the individual = Degenerate
-Cause of Addiction = Moral failing
-Treatment = punishment
Models of Addiction: Psychological (Cognitive Behavioral Model) - Answers - -View of
person with Addiction= Learning/behavioral problem
-Cause of Addiction= Reduction of negative experiences
-Treatment = Change coping
,Models of Addiction: Psychological (learning model) - Answers - -View of person =
Learning problem
-Cause of Addiction = Incorrect reinforcements formed
-Treatment = Change reinforcers
Models of Addiction :Psychological (Psychodynamic Model) - Answers - -View of
Person: Personality flaw
-Cause of Addiction: Personality traits
-Treatment: Change traits (ineffective)
Models of Addiction: Family Model - Answers - -View of Person: Part of a system
-Cause of Addiction: System/Family reinforcement
-Treatment: Teaching family new behaviors
Models of Addiction: Disease Model - Answers - -View of Person: They have a medical
condition
-Cause of Addiction: progressive, debilitating physiological impairment
-Treatment: Chronic/incurable, but can treat symptoms
Models of Addiction: Developmental Model - Answers - -View of Person = Failure to
meet developmental stages
-Cause of Addiction = Exposure through key developmental stages
-Treatment: Assist individuals in reaching developmental stages
Models of Addiction: Biological Model - Answers - -View of Person= physiological
defect
-Cause of addiction= genetic defect
-Treatment= identifying gene/neuro marker, change this gene/chemical connection
Models of Addiction: Sociocultural Model - Answers - -View of Person: Problem within
situation
-Cause of Addiction: Social forces (e.g. cultural influences)
-Treatment: Change environmental context
Models of Addiction: Multicausal Model - Answers - -View of Person: Individual,
environmental, and familial factors
-Cause of Addiction: Biological/Social/psychological factors
-Treatment: Individualized treatment focusing on all related factors
Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders (SAMHSA, 2015) - Answers - -8.1% of the
population
-21.5mil people
• Children 12-17= 5% of the population
• Young Adults= 16.3% of the population
• Adults 26 years+ = 7.1% of the population
, Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders - Answers - -6.4% of the population (17mil)
Prevalence of Marijuana Use Disorder - Answers - -1.6% of the population
Prevalence of Pain Reliever Disorder - Answers - -0.7% of the population
Prevalence of cocaine use disorder - Answers - -0.3% of the population
Prevalence of heroin use disorder - Answers - -0.2% of the population
What part of the brain do drugs interact with? (hint: reward center) - Answers - The
Limbic System
The limbic system includes: - Answers - -Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
-Nucleus Accumbens
-Prefrontal Cortex
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) - Answers - Collection of neurons in midline brain. This
part of the brain identifies how well needs are being met, and sends this message
(through dopamine) to the Nucleus Accumbens
Nucleus Accumbens - Answers - Receives dopamine from the VTA, and sends
message to prefrontal cortex about a need, plays a role in desire/motivation
Prefrontal Cortex - Answers - responsible for decision making/executive functioning.
After receiving dopamine messages from the Nucleus Accumbens
How alcohol interferes with brain function: - Answers - 1. Stimulation from alcohol tells
VTA to increase neurotransmitter GABA (responsible for inhibition), however, prolonged
use of alcohol reduces the release of GABA, leading to excitability
2. Alcohol stimulates the release of Seratonin and Dopamine, meaning that it increases
pleasure, and then sends the message to the prefrontal cortex that more of the
substance is needed.
3. These irregular stimulations lead to physical changes in gray matter within the brain
(plasticity)
Cocaine Interference - Answers - 1. Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine in
dopamine receptors
2. Results in excess of dopamine in synapse
3. Results in excessive euphoria
4. Sends message to the prefrontal cortex that this drug needs to be continued
5. This causes changes in the frontal cortex responsible for decision making, resulting in
a continued "chase" of the original high
Depressants - Answers - • Inhibit/ suppress the central nervous system
History of U.S. Drug policies: Early 1800s - Answers - Temperance movement with
clergy begins to form
-Clergyman note that alcohol use has become negative "could corrupt the mind and
body"
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1825-1850 - Answers - Temperance movement
advocated abstinence
-"Washington Total Abstinence Society" - key in shaping future self-help groups -
introduced concept of sharing experiences in closed, alcoholics only meetings.
-"Women's Christian Temperance Movement"
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1870s - Answers - Restrictions on opium and cocaine
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1906 - Answers - "Truth in Food and Drug Act" (Pure
Food and Drug Act)
-When FDA became involved - required labels on drugs contained in products including
opium, morphine, and heroin.
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1914 - Answers - Harrison Narcotic Act (Harrison Act)
-Taxation of opium and cocoa product with registration and record keeping
requirements.
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1920 - Answers - The Volstead Act- Prohibition -
successful in reducing per capita alcohol consumption - was repealed (1933) due to
major social turmoil and defiance
-Following repeal - all states restricted sales of alcoholic beverages in some way
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1937 - Answers - Marijuana Tax Act
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1965 - Answers - Drug Abuse Control Acts
History of U.S. Drug policies: 1970s - Answers - Controlled Substance Act
-Drugs classified by their medical use, potential for abuse, potential for creating
dependence.
Models of Addiction: Moral Model - Answers - -View of the individual = Degenerate
-Cause of Addiction = Moral failing
-Treatment = punishment
Models of Addiction: Psychological (Cognitive Behavioral Model) - Answers - -View of
person with Addiction= Learning/behavioral problem
-Cause of Addiction= Reduction of negative experiences
-Treatment = Change coping
,Models of Addiction: Psychological (learning model) - Answers - -View of person =
Learning problem
-Cause of Addiction = Incorrect reinforcements formed
-Treatment = Change reinforcers
Models of Addiction :Psychological (Psychodynamic Model) - Answers - -View of
Person: Personality flaw
-Cause of Addiction: Personality traits
-Treatment: Change traits (ineffective)
Models of Addiction: Family Model - Answers - -View of Person: Part of a system
-Cause of Addiction: System/Family reinforcement
-Treatment: Teaching family new behaviors
Models of Addiction: Disease Model - Answers - -View of Person: They have a medical
condition
-Cause of Addiction: progressive, debilitating physiological impairment
-Treatment: Chronic/incurable, but can treat symptoms
Models of Addiction: Developmental Model - Answers - -View of Person = Failure to
meet developmental stages
-Cause of Addiction = Exposure through key developmental stages
-Treatment: Assist individuals in reaching developmental stages
Models of Addiction: Biological Model - Answers - -View of Person= physiological
defect
-Cause of addiction= genetic defect
-Treatment= identifying gene/neuro marker, change this gene/chemical connection
Models of Addiction: Sociocultural Model - Answers - -View of Person: Problem within
situation
-Cause of Addiction: Social forces (e.g. cultural influences)
-Treatment: Change environmental context
Models of Addiction: Multicausal Model - Answers - -View of Person: Individual,
environmental, and familial factors
-Cause of Addiction: Biological/Social/psychological factors
-Treatment: Individualized treatment focusing on all related factors
Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders (SAMHSA, 2015) - Answers - -8.1% of the
population
-21.5mil people
• Children 12-17= 5% of the population
• Young Adults= 16.3% of the population
• Adults 26 years+ = 7.1% of the population
, Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders - Answers - -6.4% of the population (17mil)
Prevalence of Marijuana Use Disorder - Answers - -1.6% of the population
Prevalence of Pain Reliever Disorder - Answers - -0.7% of the population
Prevalence of cocaine use disorder - Answers - -0.3% of the population
Prevalence of heroin use disorder - Answers - -0.2% of the population
What part of the brain do drugs interact with? (hint: reward center) - Answers - The
Limbic System
The limbic system includes: - Answers - -Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
-Nucleus Accumbens
-Prefrontal Cortex
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) - Answers - Collection of neurons in midline brain. This
part of the brain identifies how well needs are being met, and sends this message
(through dopamine) to the Nucleus Accumbens
Nucleus Accumbens - Answers - Receives dopamine from the VTA, and sends
message to prefrontal cortex about a need, plays a role in desire/motivation
Prefrontal Cortex - Answers - responsible for decision making/executive functioning.
After receiving dopamine messages from the Nucleus Accumbens
How alcohol interferes with brain function: - Answers - 1. Stimulation from alcohol tells
VTA to increase neurotransmitter GABA (responsible for inhibition), however, prolonged
use of alcohol reduces the release of GABA, leading to excitability
2. Alcohol stimulates the release of Seratonin and Dopamine, meaning that it increases
pleasure, and then sends the message to the prefrontal cortex that more of the
substance is needed.
3. These irregular stimulations lead to physical changes in gray matter within the brain
(plasticity)
Cocaine Interference - Answers - 1. Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine in
dopamine receptors
2. Results in excess of dopamine in synapse
3. Results in excessive euphoria
4. Sends message to the prefrontal cortex that this drug needs to be continued
5. This causes changes in the frontal cortex responsible for decision making, resulting in
a continued "chase" of the original high
Depressants - Answers - • Inhibit/ suppress the central nervous system
