D276 Web Development Foundations
Internet ANS: began as four networked computers in 1969 but is today the largest and most popular
computer network spanning the entire globe.
FTP / File Transfer Protocol ANS: an early way for transferring files over the Internet
World Wide Web / web ANS: In the early 1990s, Tim Berners-Lee was working at a Swiss research
institute named CERN and developed a more convenient way for computers to communicate files over
the Internet.
webpage / web page ANS: a document that is viewed in a web browser.
Website ANS: A collection of related webpages are organized
web server ANS: program that serves webpages to web browsers
HyperText markup language / HTML ANS: the standard markup language for web documents
Hypertext ANS: text that has links to other text (and today to images, videos, and more).
Markup ANS: Document markup is special markings in the document that provide additional
information about links, formatting, and images
web browser ANS: a program that downloads an HTML document from a web server, displays the
document to the user with the appropriate formatting, and allows the user to interact with the
document, such as clicking hyperlinks to access other documents.
,World Wide Web Consortium / W3C ANS: the international standards organization that traditionally has
controlled a number of web standards, including HTML.
Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group / WHATWG ANS: an organization that develops
a variety of web standards and whose members include the major browser vendors.
HTML Living Standard ANS: a continually evolving standard without version numbers that replaces
HTML5
Packet ANS: contains To and From IP addresses, the information to communicate, and other
configuration information.
IP address / Internet Protocol ANS: a computer's unique address on the Internet (like a house's unique
address in the world), usually represented numerically like 198.51.100.7.
IPv4 ANS: The original Internet Protocol has 32-bit addresses
IPv6 ANS: A new version of the Internet Protocol uses 128-bit addresses, capable of representing 2128
addresses
domain name ANS: a name for an IP address, such as the name wikipedia.org for the IP address
198.35.26.96; the name is easier to remember and type
DNS server ANS: When a computer sends a packet using a domain name over the Internet, the first step
is to contact a _________ to convert the domain name to an IP address
DNS ANS: short for Domain Name System
,root servers ANS: Thirteen main DNS servers exist in the world, and a computer's operating system or
an ISP keeps a reference to the root servers' IP addresses
domain name registrar ANS: where anyone may register an unused domain name
top-level domains / TLD ANS: a domain name that belongs to .com, .net, .org, .edu, and .gov.
country code top-level domain / ccTLD ANS: Each country is assigned a unique two-letter country code
like .uk (United Kingdom), .ru (Russia), and .de (Germany).
ICANN ANS: the organization that manages TLDs, now allows companies and organizations to create
customized TLDs, like .church, .pizza, and .music
second-level domain ANS: Immediately after a top-level domain comes a second-level domain, such as
wikipedia in wikipedia.org
URL / Uniform Resource Locator ANS: the location of a web resource on the web, such as
http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm.
web resource ANS: any retrievable item, like an HTML file, image, video, CSS style sheet, etc
Scheme ANS: Characters at the beginning of a URL followed by a colon ":" or a colon and double slashes
"://". ". includes http, https, mailto, and file
Hostname ANS: The complete domain name following the scheme in a URL
Path ANS: All characters to the right of the hostname in a URL
, 404 ANS: f a web server is reached but the specific requested page isn't found, the server returns a
status code, which is a code number for page not found.
Linkrot ANS: the general name for a once valid link that now return a 404 status code
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ANS: a networking protocol that runs over TCP/IP and governs
communication between web browsers and web servers
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) ANS: a protocol suite that governs how data
packets are transferred over the Internet from one machine to another
HTTP/1.1 ANS: the HTTP standard used for most of the web's lifetime
HTTP/2 ANS: a relatively new HTTP standard that speeds-up the transfer of information between web
browsers and web servers
HTTP/3 ANS: currently in development, improves the speed of HTTP/2 by using UDP to transport data
packets instead of TCP
DNS lookup ANS: sending the domain name to the local DNS and getting back the IP address of the web
server hosting the domain name
HTTP request ANS: a message sent from the web browser to the web server. Often the request asks the
web server to send back a web resource like an HTML file, image, CSS style sheet, JavaScript file, or
video
HTTP response ANS: a message sent from the web server back to the web browser in response to an
HTTP request. Often the response contains the requested web resource
Internet ANS: began as four networked computers in 1969 but is today the largest and most popular
computer network spanning the entire globe.
FTP / File Transfer Protocol ANS: an early way for transferring files over the Internet
World Wide Web / web ANS: In the early 1990s, Tim Berners-Lee was working at a Swiss research
institute named CERN and developed a more convenient way for computers to communicate files over
the Internet.
webpage / web page ANS: a document that is viewed in a web browser.
Website ANS: A collection of related webpages are organized
web server ANS: program that serves webpages to web browsers
HyperText markup language / HTML ANS: the standard markup language for web documents
Hypertext ANS: text that has links to other text (and today to images, videos, and more).
Markup ANS: Document markup is special markings in the document that provide additional
information about links, formatting, and images
web browser ANS: a program that downloads an HTML document from a web server, displays the
document to the user with the appropriate formatting, and allows the user to interact with the
document, such as clicking hyperlinks to access other documents.
,World Wide Web Consortium / W3C ANS: the international standards organization that traditionally has
controlled a number of web standards, including HTML.
Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group / WHATWG ANS: an organization that develops
a variety of web standards and whose members include the major browser vendors.
HTML Living Standard ANS: a continually evolving standard without version numbers that replaces
HTML5
Packet ANS: contains To and From IP addresses, the information to communicate, and other
configuration information.
IP address / Internet Protocol ANS: a computer's unique address on the Internet (like a house's unique
address in the world), usually represented numerically like 198.51.100.7.
IPv4 ANS: The original Internet Protocol has 32-bit addresses
IPv6 ANS: A new version of the Internet Protocol uses 128-bit addresses, capable of representing 2128
addresses
domain name ANS: a name for an IP address, such as the name wikipedia.org for the IP address
198.35.26.96; the name is easier to remember and type
DNS server ANS: When a computer sends a packet using a domain name over the Internet, the first step
is to contact a _________ to convert the domain name to an IP address
DNS ANS: short for Domain Name System
,root servers ANS: Thirteen main DNS servers exist in the world, and a computer's operating system or
an ISP keeps a reference to the root servers' IP addresses
domain name registrar ANS: where anyone may register an unused domain name
top-level domains / TLD ANS: a domain name that belongs to .com, .net, .org, .edu, and .gov.
country code top-level domain / ccTLD ANS: Each country is assigned a unique two-letter country code
like .uk (United Kingdom), .ru (Russia), and .de (Germany).
ICANN ANS: the organization that manages TLDs, now allows companies and organizations to create
customized TLDs, like .church, .pizza, and .music
second-level domain ANS: Immediately after a top-level domain comes a second-level domain, such as
wikipedia in wikipedia.org
URL / Uniform Resource Locator ANS: the location of a web resource on the web, such as
http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm.
web resource ANS: any retrievable item, like an HTML file, image, video, CSS style sheet, etc
Scheme ANS: Characters at the beginning of a URL followed by a colon ":" or a colon and double slashes
"://". ". includes http, https, mailto, and file
Hostname ANS: The complete domain name following the scheme in a URL
Path ANS: All characters to the right of the hostname in a URL
, 404 ANS: f a web server is reached but the specific requested page isn't found, the server returns a
status code, which is a code number for page not found.
Linkrot ANS: the general name for a once valid link that now return a 404 status code
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ANS: a networking protocol that runs over TCP/IP and governs
communication between web browsers and web servers
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) ANS: a protocol suite that governs how data
packets are transferred over the Internet from one machine to another
HTTP/1.1 ANS: the HTTP standard used for most of the web's lifetime
HTTP/2 ANS: a relatively new HTTP standard that speeds-up the transfer of information between web
browsers and web servers
HTTP/3 ANS: currently in development, improves the speed of HTTP/2 by using UDP to transport data
packets instead of TCP
DNS lookup ANS: sending the domain name to the local DNS and getting back the IP address of the web
server hosting the domain name
HTTP request ANS: a message sent from the web browser to the web server. Often the request asks the
web server to send back a web resource like an HTML file, image, CSS style sheet, JavaScript file, or
video
HTTP response ANS: a message sent from the web server back to the web browser in response to an
HTTP request. Often the response contains the requested web resource
