MMSC 491 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Nucleic Acids are - Answers - DNA and RNA
Types of Mutations - Answers - 1. Deletion
2. Duplication
3. Insertions
4. Tranlocation
Translocation - Answers - DNA is excahnged in reciprocal way from one chromosome
to another
Epigenetic Mechanisms - Answers - -Changes in the phenotype
-Heritable Mutation
-Not from changes in the DNA sequences
Causes of Epgentic mutation - Answers - DNA Methylation or Histone modification
Genome - Answers - Collective term for the DNA molecule within a cell or molecule
Genome in Prok - Answers - Usually one large circular DNA
Genome in Eul - Answers - Large peices of proteins reerred to as chromosomes
Genes - Answers - DNA is broken up into gene that are spread between each
chromsome
Exons - Answers - Coding and are interrupting by Introns
Introns - Answers - Non coding regions
DNA Molecules in Males - Answers - 25
(22 autosomes, 1 X, 1Y, ad n mitochrodrial DNA)
DNA In femeales - Answers - 24 22 autosomes, 2X and Mitochrondrial DNA
Wild Type DNA - Answers - Oringinal DNA with no mutatoions
Wobble Postition - Answers - The third position in the triplet adn typically does not
efect whcih amino acid is formed
Silent Mutations - Answers - Change in 1 base of the nucleotide (typically in wobble)
and does not cause a change in the amino acid that is expressed
,Nonsense Mutations - Answers - singluar base is changed and causes early
termination in the sequence adn now causes a "stop" codon to form
Missense Mutation - Answers - Changed in 1 base and causes a change in the amino
acid that is expressed
2 Types: Conservative and Nonconservative
Conservative Missense Mutation - Answers - Amino acid changes, but the amino acid
that is put in has similar properties/that behave similary to the original amino acid that
was in place from the biochemical stand point
Nonconservative Missense Mutation - Answers - The new amino acid that is placed
has different chemical properties from the original amino acid prior to mutations
Difference between Deoxyribose and Ribose - Answers - at the 2' psotion on the deozy
there is a hydrogen attached compared to Ribose that has an OH group
Effects of Epigentic Alteration - Answers - 1. Alters accessibility of DNA
2. Changes in gene Expression
Purines - Answers - Adenine and Guanine (has 2 rings)
Pyramidines - Answers - Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil (Has 1 ring
DNA Bases - Answers - AGTC
RNA Bases - Answers - AGUC
Structure of ssDNA - Answers - -Asymetric 5' and 3' end
-5'end = phospahate group
-3' end: Hydroxyl Group
DsDNA - Answers - -Strands run antiparralel
-Runs 5'-3' with the oppsosite running 3'-5'
Hydrogen bonds between A &T - Answers - 2 hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds between G and C - Answers - 3 hydrogen bonds
DNA Replication is - Answers - Semi-conservative
DNA Polymerase synthesizes in the - Answers - 5'-3' direction
Leading strand of DNA - Answers - DNA is syntheiszed in a processive manner in the
same way as the replciation fork (5'-3')
, Lagging Strand of DNA - Answers - DNA is syntheiszed in a back stitich way, by using
fragments because it is synthesized in backwards way, these fragments known as
okazaki Fragemnts
Classic DNA-Dependent Polymerase - Answers - -Builds off the template
-Required for DNA Replication
-Alpha, delta, epsilon, Beta, and Gamma
Alpha DNA Polymerase - Answers - Initiates DNA syntheiss and participates in
formation of the okazawki fragments
Delta and Epsilon DNA Polymerase - Answers - Major DNA Polymerase that play
major role in DNA Replication and Repair
Beta DNA Polymerase - Answers - Involved in DNA Repair
Gamma DNA Polymerase - Answers - Dedicatid to Mitochondrial DNA Repair and
Synthesis
RNA Dependent DNA Polymerases - Answers - -Retrosposon Reverse Transcriptase
-Telomerase Reverse Transciptase
Involved in Retrosposon Reverse Transcription - Answers - Occasionly convert mRNA
and other RNA to cDNA that integrate into our genome that can give rise to new genes
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) - Answers - -Replicates DNA at end of
Linear Chromsomes using RNA Template
-Ends of chromsomes are not replicated in DNA synthesis use seperate Process
Transcription - Answers - -Synthesis of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
-Function end point of gene expression are RNA which include
a)tRNA
b)rRNA
c) ETC
-Results in syntheis of RNA transcription in 5'-3' direction
-Carried out by RNA Polymerase
-Is complementary to that of the Template strand
-Sense strand is the template strand being used or transcription
mRNA - Answers - Because it contains the "coding: needed to produce protein
Sense Strand - Answers - cosnidered DNA version of the RNA and is considered the
coding strand
Nucleic Acids are - Answers - DNA and RNA
Types of Mutations - Answers - 1. Deletion
2. Duplication
3. Insertions
4. Tranlocation
Translocation - Answers - DNA is excahnged in reciprocal way from one chromosome
to another
Epigenetic Mechanisms - Answers - -Changes in the phenotype
-Heritable Mutation
-Not from changes in the DNA sequences
Causes of Epgentic mutation - Answers - DNA Methylation or Histone modification
Genome - Answers - Collective term for the DNA molecule within a cell or molecule
Genome in Prok - Answers - Usually one large circular DNA
Genome in Eul - Answers - Large peices of proteins reerred to as chromosomes
Genes - Answers - DNA is broken up into gene that are spread between each
chromsome
Exons - Answers - Coding and are interrupting by Introns
Introns - Answers - Non coding regions
DNA Molecules in Males - Answers - 25
(22 autosomes, 1 X, 1Y, ad n mitochrodrial DNA)
DNA In femeales - Answers - 24 22 autosomes, 2X and Mitochrondrial DNA
Wild Type DNA - Answers - Oringinal DNA with no mutatoions
Wobble Postition - Answers - The third position in the triplet adn typically does not
efect whcih amino acid is formed
Silent Mutations - Answers - Change in 1 base of the nucleotide (typically in wobble)
and does not cause a change in the amino acid that is expressed
,Nonsense Mutations - Answers - singluar base is changed and causes early
termination in the sequence adn now causes a "stop" codon to form
Missense Mutation - Answers - Changed in 1 base and causes a change in the amino
acid that is expressed
2 Types: Conservative and Nonconservative
Conservative Missense Mutation - Answers - Amino acid changes, but the amino acid
that is put in has similar properties/that behave similary to the original amino acid that
was in place from the biochemical stand point
Nonconservative Missense Mutation - Answers - The new amino acid that is placed
has different chemical properties from the original amino acid prior to mutations
Difference between Deoxyribose and Ribose - Answers - at the 2' psotion on the deozy
there is a hydrogen attached compared to Ribose that has an OH group
Effects of Epigentic Alteration - Answers - 1. Alters accessibility of DNA
2. Changes in gene Expression
Purines - Answers - Adenine and Guanine (has 2 rings)
Pyramidines - Answers - Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil (Has 1 ring
DNA Bases - Answers - AGTC
RNA Bases - Answers - AGUC
Structure of ssDNA - Answers - -Asymetric 5' and 3' end
-5'end = phospahate group
-3' end: Hydroxyl Group
DsDNA - Answers - -Strands run antiparralel
-Runs 5'-3' with the oppsosite running 3'-5'
Hydrogen bonds between A &T - Answers - 2 hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds between G and C - Answers - 3 hydrogen bonds
DNA Replication is - Answers - Semi-conservative
DNA Polymerase synthesizes in the - Answers - 5'-3' direction
Leading strand of DNA - Answers - DNA is syntheiszed in a processive manner in the
same way as the replciation fork (5'-3')
, Lagging Strand of DNA - Answers - DNA is syntheiszed in a back stitich way, by using
fragments because it is synthesized in backwards way, these fragments known as
okazaki Fragemnts
Classic DNA-Dependent Polymerase - Answers - -Builds off the template
-Required for DNA Replication
-Alpha, delta, epsilon, Beta, and Gamma
Alpha DNA Polymerase - Answers - Initiates DNA syntheiss and participates in
formation of the okazawki fragments
Delta and Epsilon DNA Polymerase - Answers - Major DNA Polymerase that play
major role in DNA Replication and Repair
Beta DNA Polymerase - Answers - Involved in DNA Repair
Gamma DNA Polymerase - Answers - Dedicatid to Mitochondrial DNA Repair and
Synthesis
RNA Dependent DNA Polymerases - Answers - -Retrosposon Reverse Transcriptase
-Telomerase Reverse Transciptase
Involved in Retrosposon Reverse Transcription - Answers - Occasionly convert mRNA
and other RNA to cDNA that integrate into our genome that can give rise to new genes
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) - Answers - -Replicates DNA at end of
Linear Chromsomes using RNA Template
-Ends of chromsomes are not replicated in DNA synthesis use seperate Process
Transcription - Answers - -Synthesis of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
-Function end point of gene expression are RNA which include
a)tRNA
b)rRNA
c) ETC
-Results in syntheis of RNA transcription in 5'-3' direction
-Carried out by RNA Polymerase
-Is complementary to that of the Template strand
-Sense strand is the template strand being used or transcription
mRNA - Answers - Because it contains the "coding: needed to produce protein
Sense Strand - Answers - cosnidered DNA version of the RNA and is considered the
coding strand
