Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS
Statistics, 5e Exam 2025-2026 Exam Test
Questions And Verified Answers
Alpha factoring - ✔ANASWER✔-a method of factor
analysis.
−2LL - ✔ANASWER✔-the log-likelihood multiplied by
minus 2.
*used in logistic regression*
,Biserial correlation coefficient - ✔ANASWER✔-Coefficient
used when one variable is a continuous dichotomy (e.g.,
has an underlying continuum between the categories).
α-level - ✔ANASWER✔-the probability of making a Type I
error (usually this value is 0.05).
Adjusted mean - ✔ANASWER✔-in the context of analysis
of covariance this is the value of the group mean adjusted
for the effect of the covariate.
Adjusted predicted value - ✔ANASWER✔-The predicted
value of a case from a model estimated without that case
included in the data, calculated by re-estimating the model
without the case in question, then using this new model to
predict the value of the excluded case.
*A measure of the influence of a particular case of data*
How to interpret adjusted predicted value -
✔ANASWER✔-If a case does not exert a large influence
over the model then its predicted value should be similar
regardless of whether the model was estimated including
or excluding that case.
,Adjusted R² - ✔ANASWER✔-This tells us how much
variance in the outcome would be accounted for if the
model had been derived from the population from which
the sample was taken.
*measure of the loss of predictive power/shrinkage in
regression*
AIC (Akaike's information criterion) - ✔ANASWER✔-a
goodness-of-fit measure that is corrected for model
complexity (takes account of how many parameters have
been estimated).
It is not intrinsically interpretable, but can be compared in
different models to see how changing the model affects
the fit. A small value represents a better fit to the data.
AICC (Hurvich and Tsai's criterion) - ✔ANASWER✔-a
goodness-of-fit measure that is similar to AIC but is
designed for small samples. It is not intrinsically
interpretable, but can be compared in different models to
see how changing the model affects the fit.
Small value=better fit
, Alternative hypothesis - ✔ANASWER✔-the prediction that
there will be an effect (i.e., that your experimental
manipulation will have some effect or that certain variables
will relate to each other).
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) - ✔ANASWER✔-a
statistical procedure that uses the F-statistic to test the
overall fit of a linear model, adjusting for the effect that one
or more covariates have on the outcome variable. In
experimental research this linear model tends to be
defined in terms of group means and the resulting ANOVA
is therefore an overall test of whether group means differ
after the variance in the outcome variable explained by
any covariates has been removed.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - ✔ANASWER✔-a
statistical procedure that uses the F-statistic to test the
overall fit of a linear model.
In experimental research this linear model tends to be
defined in terms of group means, and the result is
therefore an overall test of whether group means differ.
Anderson-Rubin method - ✔ANASWER✔-a way of
calculating factor scores which produces scores that are
Statistics, 5e Exam 2025-2026 Exam Test
Questions And Verified Answers
Alpha factoring - ✔ANASWER✔-a method of factor
analysis.
−2LL - ✔ANASWER✔-the log-likelihood multiplied by
minus 2.
*used in logistic regression*
,Biserial correlation coefficient - ✔ANASWER✔-Coefficient
used when one variable is a continuous dichotomy (e.g.,
has an underlying continuum between the categories).
α-level - ✔ANASWER✔-the probability of making a Type I
error (usually this value is 0.05).
Adjusted mean - ✔ANASWER✔-in the context of analysis
of covariance this is the value of the group mean adjusted
for the effect of the covariate.
Adjusted predicted value - ✔ANASWER✔-The predicted
value of a case from a model estimated without that case
included in the data, calculated by re-estimating the model
without the case in question, then using this new model to
predict the value of the excluded case.
*A measure of the influence of a particular case of data*
How to interpret adjusted predicted value -
✔ANASWER✔-If a case does not exert a large influence
over the model then its predicted value should be similar
regardless of whether the model was estimated including
or excluding that case.
,Adjusted R² - ✔ANASWER✔-This tells us how much
variance in the outcome would be accounted for if the
model had been derived from the population from which
the sample was taken.
*measure of the loss of predictive power/shrinkage in
regression*
AIC (Akaike's information criterion) - ✔ANASWER✔-a
goodness-of-fit measure that is corrected for model
complexity (takes account of how many parameters have
been estimated).
It is not intrinsically interpretable, but can be compared in
different models to see how changing the model affects
the fit. A small value represents a better fit to the data.
AICC (Hurvich and Tsai's criterion) - ✔ANASWER✔-a
goodness-of-fit measure that is similar to AIC but is
designed for small samples. It is not intrinsically
interpretable, but can be compared in different models to
see how changing the model affects the fit.
Small value=better fit
, Alternative hypothesis - ✔ANASWER✔-the prediction that
there will be an effect (i.e., that your experimental
manipulation will have some effect or that certain variables
will relate to each other).
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) - ✔ANASWER✔-a
statistical procedure that uses the F-statistic to test the
overall fit of a linear model, adjusting for the effect that one
or more covariates have on the outcome variable. In
experimental research this linear model tends to be
defined in terms of group means and the resulting ANOVA
is therefore an overall test of whether group means differ
after the variance in the outcome variable explained by
any covariates has been removed.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - ✔ANASWER✔-a
statistical procedure that uses the F-statistic to test the
overall fit of a linear model.
In experimental research this linear model tends to be
defined in terms of group means, and the result is
therefore an overall test of whether group means differ.
Anderson-Rubin method - ✔ANASWER✔-a way of
calculating factor scores which produces scores that are
