Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1-4
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exam with correct answers
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Anatomy |- |the |study |of |the |structure |of |the |body
Physiology |- |the |study |of |the |function |of |the |body
Chemical |level |- |represents |the |atoms |and |molecules |that |make |up |cells |(Consists |of |Atomic |level |and
|molecular |level)
Cellular |level |- |represents |the |basic |unit |of |all |living |things
Tissue |level |- |a |group |of |cells |with |similar |or |common |function
Organ |level |- |a |group |of |tissues |with |similar |or |common |function
Organ |system |level |- |a |group |of |organs |with |similar |or |common |function
Organismic |level |- |the |entire |body |consisting |of |the |various |organ |systems.
Integumentary |System |- |controls |body |temperature |& |protects |body |from |environmental |hazards
Skeletal |System |- |supports |body, |protects |soft |body |parts, |stores |minerals, |forms |blood |cells
Muscular |System |- |movement, |support |and |produces |heat
,Nervous |System |- |controls |immediate |responses |to |stimuli
Endocrine |System |- |controls |long-term |responses |in |body
Cardiovascular |System |- |internal |transport |of |nutrients, |wastes, |oxygen, |carbon |dioxide |and |cells
Lymphatic |& |Immune |Systems |- |defense, |immunity |and |returns |lost |fluids |to |cardiovascular |system
Respiratory |System |- |exchange |of |air |and |delivery |of |blood |gases |to/from |tissues
Digestive |System |- |ingestion, |breakdown |and |absorption |of |food |& |elimination |of |indigestible |wastes
Urinary |System |- |filtration |of |blood |to |maintain |proper |water |and |salt |balance |and |to |eliminate |waste
|products
Reproductive |System |- |produces |sex |cells |and |hormones |related |to |reproduction
homeostasis |- |condition |in |which |body's |internal |environment |remains |within |certain |narrow |
physiological |limits
homeostatic |regulation |- |adjustment |of |physiological |system |to |maintain |homeostasis
receptor |- |monitors |change |in |controlled |condition |(stimulus) |and |sends |input |to |control |center
control |(integration) |center |- |receives |input |from |receptor |& |determines |appropriate |response
effector |- |cell |or |organ |that |receives |information |(output) |from |control |center |and |produces |a |
response |(effect)
,interactions |of |a |feedback |system |- |stimulus |-> |receptor |-> |input |(afferent |pathway) |-> |control |center
|-> |output |(efferent |pathway) |-> |response
positive |feedback |- |the |response |by |the |effector |to |the |initial |change |is |to |further |exaggerate |the |
change. |Example |in |labor |contractions, |the |contraction |of |the |uterus |forces |the |baby |towards |the |
birth |canal, |which
places |pressure |on |the |cervix; |the |pressure |of |the |baby |against |the |cervix |causes |uterine |contraction, |
etc. |- |...
Negative |feedback |- |the |response |by |the |effector |to |the |initial |change |is |to |counter |or |reduce |that |
change, |thus |bringing |the |system |back |to |its |"normal" |state. |Example |When |blood |sugar |level |rises, |
the |pancreas |secretes
insulin |which |causes |the |cells |of |the |body |to |take |in |glucose, |thus |removing |glucose |from |the |blood |
and |lowering |blood |sugar |level. |- |...
Anatomical |position |- |patient |is |erect, |feet |apart |and |palms |facing |anteriorly |Cephalic |= |head
Cranial |- |upper |portion |of |head |surrounding |brain
Facial |- |face
cervical |- |neck
thoracic |- |chest
axillary |- |armpit
acromial |- |point |of |shoulder
, deltoid |- |fleshy |portion |of |shoulder
brachial |- |upper |arm
antebrachial |- |forearm
antecubital |- |front |of |elbow
carpal |- |wrist
manual |- |hand
digital |(phalangeal) |- |fingers |or |toes
abdominal |- |region |of |trunk |between |diaphragm |and |pelvis
dorsal |- |back
lumbar |- |lower |back
olecranol |- |back |of |elbow
pelvic |- |pelvis
pubic |- |anterior |pelvis
inguinal |- |junction |of |trunk |and |thighs |(groin)
gluteal |- |buttocks
| | | | |
exam with correct answers
| | |
Anatomy |- |the |study |of |the |structure |of |the |body
Physiology |- |the |study |of |the |function |of |the |body
Chemical |level |- |represents |the |atoms |and |molecules |that |make |up |cells |(Consists |of |Atomic |level |and
|molecular |level)
Cellular |level |- |represents |the |basic |unit |of |all |living |things
Tissue |level |- |a |group |of |cells |with |similar |or |common |function
Organ |level |- |a |group |of |tissues |with |similar |or |common |function
Organ |system |level |- |a |group |of |organs |with |similar |or |common |function
Organismic |level |- |the |entire |body |consisting |of |the |various |organ |systems.
Integumentary |System |- |controls |body |temperature |& |protects |body |from |environmental |hazards
Skeletal |System |- |supports |body, |protects |soft |body |parts, |stores |minerals, |forms |blood |cells
Muscular |System |- |movement, |support |and |produces |heat
,Nervous |System |- |controls |immediate |responses |to |stimuli
Endocrine |System |- |controls |long-term |responses |in |body
Cardiovascular |System |- |internal |transport |of |nutrients, |wastes, |oxygen, |carbon |dioxide |and |cells
Lymphatic |& |Immune |Systems |- |defense, |immunity |and |returns |lost |fluids |to |cardiovascular |system
Respiratory |System |- |exchange |of |air |and |delivery |of |blood |gases |to/from |tissues
Digestive |System |- |ingestion, |breakdown |and |absorption |of |food |& |elimination |of |indigestible |wastes
Urinary |System |- |filtration |of |blood |to |maintain |proper |water |and |salt |balance |and |to |eliminate |waste
|products
Reproductive |System |- |produces |sex |cells |and |hormones |related |to |reproduction
homeostasis |- |condition |in |which |body's |internal |environment |remains |within |certain |narrow |
physiological |limits
homeostatic |regulation |- |adjustment |of |physiological |system |to |maintain |homeostasis
receptor |- |monitors |change |in |controlled |condition |(stimulus) |and |sends |input |to |control |center
control |(integration) |center |- |receives |input |from |receptor |& |determines |appropriate |response
effector |- |cell |or |organ |that |receives |information |(output) |from |control |center |and |produces |a |
response |(effect)
,interactions |of |a |feedback |system |- |stimulus |-> |receptor |-> |input |(afferent |pathway) |-> |control |center
|-> |output |(efferent |pathway) |-> |response
positive |feedback |- |the |response |by |the |effector |to |the |initial |change |is |to |further |exaggerate |the |
change. |Example |in |labor |contractions, |the |contraction |of |the |uterus |forces |the |baby |towards |the |
birth |canal, |which
places |pressure |on |the |cervix; |the |pressure |of |the |baby |against |the |cervix |causes |uterine |contraction, |
etc. |- |...
Negative |feedback |- |the |response |by |the |effector |to |the |initial |change |is |to |counter |or |reduce |that |
change, |thus |bringing |the |system |back |to |its |"normal" |state. |Example |When |blood |sugar |level |rises, |
the |pancreas |secretes
insulin |which |causes |the |cells |of |the |body |to |take |in |glucose, |thus |removing |glucose |from |the |blood |
and |lowering |blood |sugar |level. |- |...
Anatomical |position |- |patient |is |erect, |feet |apart |and |palms |facing |anteriorly |Cephalic |= |head
Cranial |- |upper |portion |of |head |surrounding |brain
Facial |- |face
cervical |- |neck
thoracic |- |chest
axillary |- |armpit
acromial |- |point |of |shoulder
, deltoid |- |fleshy |portion |of |shoulder
brachial |- |upper |arm
antebrachial |- |forearm
antecubital |- |front |of |elbow
carpal |- |wrist
manual |- |hand
digital |(phalangeal) |- |fingers |or |toes
abdominal |- |region |of |trunk |between |diaphragm |and |pelvis
dorsal |- |back
lumbar |- |lower |back
olecranol |- |back |of |elbow
pelvic |- |pelvis
pubic |- |anterior |pelvis
inguinal |- |junction |of |trunk |and |thighs |(groin)
gluteal |- |buttocks
