CENG 3310 Fluid Mechanics Final Exam – Fluid statics, Bernoulli, momentum, drag, flow measurement Study guide 2025/2026

CENG 3310 Fluid Mechanics Final Exam – Fluid statics,
Bernoulli, momentum, drag, flow measurement Study
guide 2025/2026
Fundamental Concepts of Fluid MechanicsIl` Il` Il` Il`




Properties of Fluids
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• Density: Defined as mass per unit volume, crucial for understanding fluid behavior under
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various conditions.
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• Viscosity: A measure of a fluid's resistance to deformation, influencing flow
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characteristics.
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• Pressure: Acts normal to surfaces and varies with depth in a fluid column.
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• Specific Weight: Weight per unit volume, typically 1000 kg/m³ for water at standard
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conditions.
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• Surface Tension: The elastic tendency of fluids that makes them acquire the least surface
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area possible.
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• Kinematic vs. Dynamic Viscosity: Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to
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density.
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Fluid Dynamics Principles
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• Continuity Equation: States that mass flow rate must remain constant from one cross-
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section of a pipe to another. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




• Bernoulli's Equation: Relates pressure, velocity, and height in fluid flow, indicating
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conservation of energy.
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• Hydraulic Grade Line: Represents the total potential energy of the fluid, crucial for
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understanding flow in pipelines.
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• Energy Grade Line: Indicates total energy in the system, accounting for pressure and
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potential energy.
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• Flow Types: Distinguishes between laminar and turbulent flow, affecting energy loss
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calculations.
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• Reynolds Number: A dimensionless number that predicts flow patterns in different fluid
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flow situations.
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, Fluid Statics and Pressure Measurement
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• Hydrostatic Pressure: Pressure at a point in a fluid at rest, increases with depth. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




• Manometers: Devices used to measure fluid pressure, often using mercury or alcohol for Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




accuracy.
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• Pitot Tube: Measures fluid velocity by converting kinetic energy into potential energy.
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• Hydrometer: Measures specific gravity of liquids, useful in various applications. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




• Center of Pressure: The point where the total pressure force acts on a submerged surface,
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important for stability analysis.
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• Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid, crucial for understanding floating bodies.
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Applications and Devices in Fluid Mechanics
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• Kaplan Turbine: A type of reaction turbine used for low head applications, converting
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hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
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• Venturimeter: Measures flow rate by utilizing the principle of Bernoulli's equation. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




• Rotameter: A device for measuring the flow rate of liquid or gas in a closed tube. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




• Moody Diagram: A graphical representation of the friction factor for different flow
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regimes, aiding in calculations.
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• McLeod Gauge: Used for low-pressure measurement based on Boyle's law.
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• Friction Loss Calculations: Essential for designing efficient piping systems, often using the
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Darcy-Weisbach equation.
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Fluid Flow Types
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• Laminar Flow: Characterized by smooth, orderly fluid motion, typically occurring at
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Reynolds numbers less than 2000.
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• Turbulent Flow: Chaotic fluid motion with eddies and vortices, occurring at Reynolds
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numbers greater than 4000.
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• Transitional Flow: The intermediate state between laminar and turbulent flow, occurring Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




at Reynolds numbers between 2000 and 4000.
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• Subsonic Flow: Flow with a speed less than the local speed of sound.
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• Supersonic Flow: Flow with a speed greater than the local speed of sound, where pressure
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decreases as flow area decreases.
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