PN 2001 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT VERSION>

PN 2001 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS &lt;RECENT VERSION&gt; 1. What legislation governs informed consent in BC? A) Health Professions Act B) Adult Guardianship Act C) Health Care (Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act D) Representation Agreement Act - ANSWER C 1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) - ANSWER Extended period of depression with significant distress and social impairment. Diagnosed when 5 or more symptoms occur in a 2-week period (e.g., depressed mood, sleep changes, SI, loss of interest). 2. Bipolar Disorder (BPD) - ANSWER Characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression. BPD I includes both full manic episodes and depressive episodes. Hypomanic phase: impulsivity, high energy, recklessness, and racing thoughts. 3. Schizoaffective Disorder (SAD) - ANSWER Mood disturbances (either depression or mania) with psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations. Bipolar type includes alternating manic and depressive episodes. 4. Common Delusions - ANSWER Grandeur: Belief of being famous or a god. Persecution: Belief that others are trying to harm you. Control: Belief that your thoughts are controlled by others. Reference: Belief that messages from the TV or media are directed personally at you. 5. Neurotoxicity in Depression - ANSWER Chronic stress and negative life events can lead to brain atrophy, particularly in the hippocampus, due to prolonged cortisol release. 6. Integrating Theories of Depression - ANSWER Stressor → Dysfunctional cognition (e.g., negative schema, learned helplessness) → Genetic vulnerability (cortisol release) → Mood changes → Withdrawal → Lack of positive social experiences. 7. Drug Therapy for Depression - ANSWER SSRIs and Tricyclics increase neurotransmitter levels. SSRIs can trigger neurogenesis in the hippocampus, potentially reversing atrophic brain changes. 8. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) - ANSWER ECT is used for severe, treatment-resistant depression. It stimulates neurogenesis in the hippocampus and is highly effective (60-70% success rate). 9. Behavior Activation Therapy - ANSWER Daily monitoring of pleasant vs. unpleasant events. Focuses on increasing client access to positive reinforcers and improving social skills through role play and positive reinforcement. 10. What does science aim for - ANSWER originality, detachment, universality, skepticism, critical thinking, progressiveness 11. What does science do - ANSWER increases knowledge 12. Pure science - ANSWER a world exists independently of us, science aims to provide knowledge about the world 13. Applied science - ANSWER problems in the world, science aims to provide at least practical recommendations if not solutions 14. Ontology - ANSWER The study of reality in the sense of being or existence. Positivism: Single objective reality independent of observer Relativism: Multiple realities which are subjective 15. Epistemology - ANSWER The study of what knowledge is and how to increase it. Acquisitional knowledge- familiarity with individuals and situations. Procedural knowledge- how to ride a bike Propositional knowledge- facts 16. What is knowledge - ANSWER A false proposition cannot be known, must have a good justified reason to believe. 17. Poor sources of justification - ANSWER Perceptual experience, introspection, memory and testimony 18. The Gettier Problem - ANSWER Justification not justified 19. A priori justification - ANSWER Associated with rationalism. If the justification can be deduced without depending on new observations or experiences 20. A posteriori justification - ANSWER Associated with empiricism. Occurs when the justification requires new observations. But Hume pointed out we cannot prove statements using observation 21. Popper - ANSWER test to see if the evidence is reliable. justificationism does not require this, just that the reasons for th justification are sound 22. Rationalism - ANSWER real knowledge is only possible if it is based on something that is certain. Cannot be based on experience 23. Skepticism - ANSWER we know nothing. 24. Empiricism - ANSWER knowledge coms from experience as well as reason 25. Central Tendency - ANSWER The mean is a measure of central tendency. It is a single score that represents the data. 26. Dispersion spread - ANSWER Standard deviation is a measure of the variability in the data . The square root of the variance 27. Z-scores - ANSWER We can compare a range of measurements using z (standard score). We can express how many SD units away from the mean a point in the normal curve is using z-scores. A z-score is the number of SD any particular score is away from the mean. 28. What does social psych aim to do - ANSWER Social psychology 'attempts to understand how the thoughts, feeling and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the actual, implied or imagined presence of others.' (Allport, 1924) 29. What are levels of analysis and how does this relate to social psych? - ANSWER Level of analysis (or explanation): The types of concepts, mechanisms and language used to explain a phenomenon. (Hogg & Vaughn, 2010) Social psychological phenomenon eg helping behaviour, discrimination etc can be analysed and explained at these different levels They can be: Ideological - culture, value, norms Positional -social position eg status Interpersonal - between individuals Intrapersonal - within the individual 30. Why is 'the self' important? - ANSWER It is intrinsically social: - helps us know what we should think, behave and interact with others - being aware of ourselves is a crucial part of being able to control ourselves and helps us be guided by social norms 31. Symbolic Interactionism - ANSWER "The looking-glass self": We adopt the perspective of the 'generalized other' Seeing ourselves as others see us 32. Self-concept - ANSWER The complete set of beliefs people have about themselves 33. Self-schemas - ANSWER Attributes in which we are certain and represent clearly eg can be self-schematic on theme of extraversion (trait is important to them) but self-aschematic on dimension of generosity (not important to them) 34. How do self schemas influence us - ANSWER - Determine our thoughts, feelings and behaviors - Influence basic cognitive processes -----Participants who were self-schematic on independence or dependence more quickly identified words associated with their schemas and were more able to recall experiences that demonstrated their schema (Markus, 1977) - Influence aspects of daily life self-schemas about weight can lead to preoccupation and excessive weight monitoring 35. types of self-representation - ANSWER Active (working) vs. stored self knowledge at any one time point there are only particular aspects of the self that are cognitively available and salient e.g. sitting in a lecture academic self concept is salient, behaviour is always influenced by whatever is active in memory at that moment Semantic vs. episodic self-knowledge you can list traits about characteristics that you have but there is a tendency to integrate knowledge of ourselves into a more complex autobiographical memories and narratives Explicit vs. implicit self-knowledge Controllable, deliberate, directly reported vs. uncontrollable, automatic, spontaneously expressed (introspectively unidentified) Actual vs. possible selves not just how we actually are but also how we might become or how we would like to be and this has an important motivational function.+ Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1998): striving vs. Avoidance striving (for best possible self) vs. avoidance (of negative possible selves) Global vs. specific Personal vs. Social personal traits as well as group memberships 36. Frontal Lobe Deficits - ANSWER Impaired social adjustment, poor judgment, erratic mood swings. Rigidity in tasks, perseveration, and difficulty in task-switching. 37. Broca's Aphasia (Non-Fluent) - ANSWER Impaired speech production with difficulty in articulation, grammar, and intonation. Speech is telegraphic (simple grammar and words). 38. Wernicke's Aphasia (Fluent) - ANSWER Fluent speech with poor language comprehension. Patients can speak but have difficulty understanding spoken or written language. 39. Cell Theory - ANSWER All living organisms are made up of cells, which are the basic units of life. 40. Cell Structure - ANSWER The organization and components that make up a cell. 41. Plasma Membrane - ANSWER Surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out. 42. Nucleus - ANSWER Contains DNA, the genetic material of the cell. 43. Mitochondria - ANSWER The cell's powerhouse, where energy (ATP) is produced. 44. Golgi Apparatus - ANSWER Transports proteins to their specific destinations. 45. Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER The site of protein synthesis. 46. Cell Body (Soma) - ANSWER Contains the nucleus and other organelles. 47. Dendrites - ANSWER Branch-like structures that receive signals from other neurons. 48. Axon - ANSWER Long projection that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body. 49. Myelin Sheath - ANSWER Fatty substance that insulates axons to increase signal speed. 50. Nodes of Ranvier - ANSWER Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for fast signal transmission (saltatory conduction). 51. Unipolar Neuron - ANSWER One process extending from the cell body. 52. Bipolar Neuron - ANSWER One axon and one dendrite. 53. Multipolar Neuron - ANSWER One axon and many dendrites, the most common neuron type. 54. Neuron Doctrine - ANSWER Neurons are the basic signaling units of the nervous system, as proposed by Santiago Ramón y Cajal. 55. Oligodendrocytes - ANSWER Create myelin in the CNS. 56. Schwann Cells - ANSWER Create myelin in the PNS. 57. Astrocytes - ANSWER Provide energy and insulation, support neuronal activity. 58. Microglia - ANSWER Involved in immune responses and clearing dead cells. 59. Membrane Potential - ANSWER The difference in electrical charge inside vs. outside of a neuron's membrane. 60. Resting Potential - ANSWER The neuron's stable charge when inactive ( 70mV). 61. Action Potential - ANSWER A brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon when a neuron is stimulated, triggered at a threshold of -50mV. 62. Sodium (Na⁺) - ANSWER High concentration outside the neuron, moves inward during an action potential. 63. Potassium (K⁺) - ANSWER High concentration inside the neuron, moves outward to reset the membrane potential. 64. Calcium (Ca²⁺) - ANSWER Involved in neurotransmitter release. 65. Chloride (Cl⁻) - ANSWER Helps maintain membrane potential. 66. Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWER Actively transports K⁺ into the cell and Na⁺ out, maintaining the resting potential, consuming energy (ATP). 67. Synapse - ANSWER The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released, enabling communication. 68. Equilibrium Potential - ANSWER The voltage at which the flow of ions in and out of the cell is balanced. 69. K⁺ equilibrium potential - ANSWER -94mV. 70. Na⁺ equilibrium potential - ANSWER +60mV. 71. Concentration Gradient - ANSWER Ions move from areas of high concentration to low concentration. 72. Active Transport - ANSWER Uses energy to move ions against their concentration gradient (low to high). 73. Myelination - ANSWER Speeds up signal transmission along axons. 74. White Matter - ANSWER Myelin-rich areas of the brain.