UKY BIO 152 EXAM 2 WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025
describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal
muscles. correct answers >> Secondary messages travel
from the extra-cellular space to the intra-cellular space
describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in smooth
muscles. correct answers >> (cannot contract without
Calcium) Excitation: involuntary; some groups respond to
neurotransmitters.. Contraction: Calcium is released by SR and
enters from the extracellular space.. then binds to calmodulin
inside the cell, which can then lead to actin and myosin
contractions.
Describe how a signal transfers a message to its receptor.
correct answers >> Signal transduction via secondary
messages.. Cell responds by opening ion channels and enzymes
are activated
Explain why hydrophobic signal receptors are in different
locations of a target cell than hydrophilic signal receptors..
correct answers >> Hydrophilic receptors are in the
outside(extra) while hydrophobic receptors are in the plasma
membrane (intra).
2 major classes of cell surface receptors correct answers >>
1) G-protein coupled receptors
2) Receptor Kinase
,Describe G protein coupled receptors correct answers >>
Most amplify signals as they transfer it to the interior of the cell..
fast but short lived.
Describe Receptor Kinase correct answers >> Kinases are
ezymes that transfer phosphate groups, slow but longer lasting
response
Unicellular correct answers >> having or consisting of a
single cell
simple multicellular organism correct answers >> an
organism composed of one or more cells that show little
differentiation and remain in close contact with the external
environment.
Complex multicellular organism correct answers >> an
organisms composed of one or more cells that have cellular
adhesion, cellular communication, and cellular differentiation.
Cellular adhesion molecules: correct answers >> proteins
located on the cell surface involved in binding with other cells or
with the extracellular matrix in the cellular adhesion process.
Cadherin: correct answers >> any of a class of cell-surface
proteins involved in selective cell-cell adhesion.
Integrin: correct answers >> any of a class of cell-surface
proteins that bind to laminins and other proteins in the
extracellular matrix, thus holding cells in place.
, Gap junction correct answers >> a type of cell-cell
attachment structure that directly connects the cytosolic
components of adjacent animal cells, allowing the pages of water,
ions, and small molecules between the cells.
Plasmodesmata correct answers >> physical connections
between two plant cells, consisting of membrane-lined gaps in the
cell walls through which the two cells' plasma membranes,
cytoplasm, and smooth ER can connect directly.
Differentiation correct answers >> the process by which any
unspecialized cell becomes a distinct cell type, usually by
changes in gene expression.
Gene expression correct answers >> the set of processes,
including transcription and translation, that convert information in
DNA into a product of a gene, most commonly a protein.
Diffusion correct answers >> spontaneous movement of a
substance from one region to another, often with a net movement
from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration.
Bulk flow: correct answers >> the movement of molecules
through organisms due to pressure differences at rates beyond
those possible by diffusion across a concentration gradient.
Respiration: correct answers >> a process in living organisms
involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of
ANSWERS 2025
describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal
muscles. correct answers >> Secondary messages travel
from the extra-cellular space to the intra-cellular space
describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in smooth
muscles. correct answers >> (cannot contract without
Calcium) Excitation: involuntary; some groups respond to
neurotransmitters.. Contraction: Calcium is released by SR and
enters from the extracellular space.. then binds to calmodulin
inside the cell, which can then lead to actin and myosin
contractions.
Describe how a signal transfers a message to its receptor.
correct answers >> Signal transduction via secondary
messages.. Cell responds by opening ion channels and enzymes
are activated
Explain why hydrophobic signal receptors are in different
locations of a target cell than hydrophilic signal receptors..
correct answers >> Hydrophilic receptors are in the
outside(extra) while hydrophobic receptors are in the plasma
membrane (intra).
2 major classes of cell surface receptors correct answers >>
1) G-protein coupled receptors
2) Receptor Kinase
,Describe G protein coupled receptors correct answers >>
Most amplify signals as they transfer it to the interior of the cell..
fast but short lived.
Describe Receptor Kinase correct answers >> Kinases are
ezymes that transfer phosphate groups, slow but longer lasting
response
Unicellular correct answers >> having or consisting of a
single cell
simple multicellular organism correct answers >> an
organism composed of one or more cells that show little
differentiation and remain in close contact with the external
environment.
Complex multicellular organism correct answers >> an
organisms composed of one or more cells that have cellular
adhesion, cellular communication, and cellular differentiation.
Cellular adhesion molecules: correct answers >> proteins
located on the cell surface involved in binding with other cells or
with the extracellular matrix in the cellular adhesion process.
Cadherin: correct answers >> any of a class of cell-surface
proteins involved in selective cell-cell adhesion.
Integrin: correct answers >> any of a class of cell-surface
proteins that bind to laminins and other proteins in the
extracellular matrix, thus holding cells in place.
, Gap junction correct answers >> a type of cell-cell
attachment structure that directly connects the cytosolic
components of adjacent animal cells, allowing the pages of water,
ions, and small molecules between the cells.
Plasmodesmata correct answers >> physical connections
between two plant cells, consisting of membrane-lined gaps in the
cell walls through which the two cells' plasma membranes,
cytoplasm, and smooth ER can connect directly.
Differentiation correct answers >> the process by which any
unspecialized cell becomes a distinct cell type, usually by
changes in gene expression.
Gene expression correct answers >> the set of processes,
including transcription and translation, that convert information in
DNA into a product of a gene, most commonly a protein.
Diffusion correct answers >> spontaneous movement of a
substance from one region to another, often with a net movement
from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration.
Bulk flow: correct answers >> the movement of molecules
through organisms due to pressure differences at rates beyond
those possible by diffusion across a concentration gradient.
Respiration: correct answers >> a process in living organisms
involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of
