IB history Exam with Accurate Solutions
Mixed government – A NSWER-people elect representative as a way of government
where power is shared by kings, lords and commons. Separate branches of government
have different functions but all groups have a say.
Articles of Confederation (1781) - ANSWER-Basic constitution gave power to declare
independence in war, power to declare an army/navy, right to make diplomatic
relationships with other countries, and handling disputes between other states.
Problems of the article include no power to tax, no enforcement, couldn't demand
soldiers from states. Continental Congress worried people would become mad and
rebel.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - ANSWER-Created 3-5 territories (Now known as Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin). Prohibited slavery in new territories.
If a state's population was 5,000 free adult men they could elect their own legislature.
If the state's population was 60,000 free adult men, they could write a republican
constitution & apply to join confederation. If they got in, the new state would enjoy all
rights and privileges of the existing states
Shay's Rebellion (1786) - ANSWER-In debt after war, merchants/creditors persuaded
Massachusetts legislature to impose taxes to repay state's war debt and not issue more
paper currency. Farmers could not pay debt and were threatened with court suits and
legal fees. Farmers had sacrificed for the war but were treated improperly. Many were
sent to debt prison. Lead by Daniel Shay, farmers rebel by protesting. They marched to
Massachusetts to fight but lost. Government could not control power, they needed a real
constitution.
Virginia Plan - ANSWER-Resolutions proposed by James Madison that proposed
bicameral legislature. House members would be elected in proportion to state
population. The smaller states opposed the proposal, fearing they would lose influence
to the larger states. The government split into three branches. Lower house elected by
voters, upper house elected by voters, executive/judiciary chosen by legislature.
New Jersey Plan (1787) - ANSWER-Countered the Virginia plan. Called for a one-
house Congress in which each state had equal representation. Wanted confederation to
have power.
Connecticut Compromise (The Great Compromise) - ANSWER-Compromise between
New Jersey Plan and Virginia Plan to satisfy both large and small state. The Upper
House (Senate) have 2 members from each state and seats in lower chamber (House
of Representatives) apportioned based on population.
, 3/5 Compromise (1787) - ANSWER-Southern States wanted to include African
American slaves in determining States' population for representation in congress.
Population of slaves outnumbered non-slaves in Southern states. Slaves have no rights
or representation and deemed to be counted as 3/5 of a person when determining the
state population. This gave southern states a big advantage with a greater number of
representatives in the House.
Differences between Federalists and Anti-federalists - ANSWER-Federalists:
The Federalists believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and
loose interpretation of the Constitution. They wanted immediate ratification. The
Federalists supported Britain.
Anti-Federalists:
They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the
federal government and less to the states, and didn't ensure individual rights.
Federalist Papers - ANSWER-Collection of essays written by John Jay, Alexander
Hamilton, and James Madison for New York newspaper that explained the importance
of a strong central government to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.
Bill of Rights, 1791 - ANSWER-The first ten amendments to the Constitution, which
guarantee basic individual rights (freedom of speech/religion, mandated legal
procedures/trial by jury). Terms to ratify.
Thomas Jefferson VS Alexander Hamilton's views on the Constitution - ANSWER-
Jefferson: (strict interpretation)
Pro-States, state and individual liberty strong and government weak. The federal
government only does what the constitution says.
Hamilton: (loose interpretation)
Stretched the constitution, if it was a good idea, they would do it unless specifically
stated. Strong and powerful government that was respected and feared.
Hamilton's financial program (3 parts) - ANSWER-1. Public Credit
Controversial, did not pay off debt but instead payed of other countries that US
borrowed money from during way in smaller payments. Assumed State debts (where
states borrowed money from country) would be taken over by Federal government.
States that already paid off debt were angry. Individuals benefited as paper money
increased value, those who bought loan certificates could either receive their money
back or loan back to continental congress and receive payment spread out with interest.
This tied wealthy people into the government becoming wealthier while poor cannot
help government.
2. National Bank
Asked congress to charter national financial institution (Bank of US) owned by private
stockholders and national government. By making loans to merchants, handling
Mixed government – A NSWER-people elect representative as a way of government
where power is shared by kings, lords and commons. Separate branches of government
have different functions but all groups have a say.
Articles of Confederation (1781) - ANSWER-Basic constitution gave power to declare
independence in war, power to declare an army/navy, right to make diplomatic
relationships with other countries, and handling disputes between other states.
Problems of the article include no power to tax, no enforcement, couldn't demand
soldiers from states. Continental Congress worried people would become mad and
rebel.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - ANSWER-Created 3-5 territories (Now known as Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin). Prohibited slavery in new territories.
If a state's population was 5,000 free adult men they could elect their own legislature.
If the state's population was 60,000 free adult men, they could write a republican
constitution & apply to join confederation. If they got in, the new state would enjoy all
rights and privileges of the existing states
Shay's Rebellion (1786) - ANSWER-In debt after war, merchants/creditors persuaded
Massachusetts legislature to impose taxes to repay state's war debt and not issue more
paper currency. Farmers could not pay debt and were threatened with court suits and
legal fees. Farmers had sacrificed for the war but were treated improperly. Many were
sent to debt prison. Lead by Daniel Shay, farmers rebel by protesting. They marched to
Massachusetts to fight but lost. Government could not control power, they needed a real
constitution.
Virginia Plan - ANSWER-Resolutions proposed by James Madison that proposed
bicameral legislature. House members would be elected in proportion to state
population. The smaller states opposed the proposal, fearing they would lose influence
to the larger states. The government split into three branches. Lower house elected by
voters, upper house elected by voters, executive/judiciary chosen by legislature.
New Jersey Plan (1787) - ANSWER-Countered the Virginia plan. Called for a one-
house Congress in which each state had equal representation. Wanted confederation to
have power.
Connecticut Compromise (The Great Compromise) - ANSWER-Compromise between
New Jersey Plan and Virginia Plan to satisfy both large and small state. The Upper
House (Senate) have 2 members from each state and seats in lower chamber (House
of Representatives) apportioned based on population.
, 3/5 Compromise (1787) - ANSWER-Southern States wanted to include African
American slaves in determining States' population for representation in congress.
Population of slaves outnumbered non-slaves in Southern states. Slaves have no rights
or representation and deemed to be counted as 3/5 of a person when determining the
state population. This gave southern states a big advantage with a greater number of
representatives in the House.
Differences between Federalists and Anti-federalists - ANSWER-Federalists:
The Federalists believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and
loose interpretation of the Constitution. They wanted immediate ratification. The
Federalists supported Britain.
Anti-Federalists:
They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the
federal government and less to the states, and didn't ensure individual rights.
Federalist Papers - ANSWER-Collection of essays written by John Jay, Alexander
Hamilton, and James Madison for New York newspaper that explained the importance
of a strong central government to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.
Bill of Rights, 1791 - ANSWER-The first ten amendments to the Constitution, which
guarantee basic individual rights (freedom of speech/religion, mandated legal
procedures/trial by jury). Terms to ratify.
Thomas Jefferson VS Alexander Hamilton's views on the Constitution - ANSWER-
Jefferson: (strict interpretation)
Pro-States, state and individual liberty strong and government weak. The federal
government only does what the constitution says.
Hamilton: (loose interpretation)
Stretched the constitution, if it was a good idea, they would do it unless specifically
stated. Strong and powerful government that was respected and feared.
Hamilton's financial program (3 parts) - ANSWER-1. Public Credit
Controversial, did not pay off debt but instead payed of other countries that US
borrowed money from during way in smaller payments. Assumed State debts (where
states borrowed money from country) would be taken over by Federal government.
States that already paid off debt were angry. Individuals benefited as paper money
increased value, those who bought loan certificates could either receive their money
back or loan back to continental congress and receive payment spread out with interest.
This tied wealthy people into the government becoming wealthier while poor cannot
help government.
2. National Bank
Asked congress to charter national financial institution (Bank of US) owned by private
stockholders and national government. By making loans to merchants, handling
