ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-
UTMB 5355 EXAM #1, with
Questions, Answers and Rationale
2025
Biogenic Amine Theory linked to depression ------- Correct Ans ---------- Deficiency of
neurotransmitters in brain of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. Particularly, a decrease
in receptor binding with serotonin.
Neurotransmitter Receptor Hypothesis linked to depression ------- Correct Ans ---------- A
deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters at neuronal synapses.
Antidepressants increase ------- Correct Ans ---------- Neuronal synaptic levels of monoamine
neurotransmitters.
if you have more receptors than neurotransmitters ------- Correct Ans ---------- Neurotransmitters
do not have time to re-charge thus, they do not function properly.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System Dysregulation ------- Correct Ans ---------- HPA
system dysregulation with excessive glucocorticoid secretion is found in a large percentage of
people suffering from major depression.
Patho of Alzheimer's includes - plaque formation, presence of --, with decreased levels of - -------
Correct Ans ---------- Amyloid B, neurofibrillary tangles, acetylcholine these disrupt impulse
transmission
,neurofibrillary tangles ------- Correct Ans ---------- are a deformation of the structure that carries
nutrients to neurons of the brain.
Decreased levels of choline acetyl transferase and acetylcholine is associated with ------- Correct
Ans ---------- Memory loss
Most common cause of dementia ------- Correct Ans ---------- Alzheimer's disease fatal 5-10
years
Characteristics of Alzheimer's ------- Correct Ans ---------- Loss of memory, language , inability
to learn new things, dysfunction, delusions, cannot perform ADLs, majorly effects social life
Parkinson's Disease is ------- Correct Ans ---------- Chronic motor progressive neuro-degenerative
known as a shaking palsy
Parkinson's disease is associated with ------- Correct Ans ---------- basal ganglia dysfunction and
atrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine;
Characteristics of Parkinson's disease ------- Correct Ans ---------- Tremors at rest, rigidity,
bradykinesia, muscular rigidity and postural abnormalities.
2 Main Categories of CVA ------- Correct Ans ---------- Hemorrhagic and Ischemic
Hemorrhagic CVA ------- Correct Ans ---------- Blood produces inflammatory reaction, swelling,
displaces brain tissue and increases ICP
2 types of hemorrhagic stroke ------- Correct Ans ---------- Intracerebral and subarachnoid
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ------- Correct Ans ---------- Blood vessel leaks directly into brain
tissue
, Subarachnoid hemorrhage ------- Correct Ans ---------- Bleeding into the subarachnoid space,
caused by trauma, aneurysm rupture presents as "worst headache of life". surgical emergency
Ischemic CVA ------- Correct Ans ---------- reduction in cerebral blood flow results in hypoxia
and irreversible cell death with associated cerebral edema
3 types of ischemic CVA ------- Correct Ans ---------- thrombotic, embolic, hypercoagulable
states.
Thrombotic ------- Correct Ans ---------- caused by atherosclerosis blocking vessels. obstruction
of blood vessel due to localized occlusive process
Embolic ------- Correct Ans ---------- caused by blood clot, fat or air embolus traveling from
distant site to brain
Hypercoaguable state ------- Correct Ans ---------- conditions such as sickle cell disease,
polycythemia causing blood clot to form and obstruct vessel
Multiple sclerosis ------- Correct Ans ---------- chronic, inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating
disease of the CNS. : patho includes CNS demyelination thought to be caused by an immune
reaction
Acetylcholine ------- Correct Ans ---------- excitatory or inhibitory, enables muscle action,
learning, memory- involved in memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease
Norepinephrine ------- Correct Ans ---------- Helps control alertness and arousal. Under supply
can depress mood.
UTMB 5355 EXAM #1, with
Questions, Answers and Rationale
2025
Biogenic Amine Theory linked to depression ------- Correct Ans ---------- Deficiency of
neurotransmitters in brain of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. Particularly, a decrease
in receptor binding with serotonin.
Neurotransmitter Receptor Hypothesis linked to depression ------- Correct Ans ---------- A
deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters at neuronal synapses.
Antidepressants increase ------- Correct Ans ---------- Neuronal synaptic levels of monoamine
neurotransmitters.
if you have more receptors than neurotransmitters ------- Correct Ans ---------- Neurotransmitters
do not have time to re-charge thus, they do not function properly.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System Dysregulation ------- Correct Ans ---------- HPA
system dysregulation with excessive glucocorticoid secretion is found in a large percentage of
people suffering from major depression.
Patho of Alzheimer's includes - plaque formation, presence of --, with decreased levels of - -------
Correct Ans ---------- Amyloid B, neurofibrillary tangles, acetylcholine these disrupt impulse
transmission
,neurofibrillary tangles ------- Correct Ans ---------- are a deformation of the structure that carries
nutrients to neurons of the brain.
Decreased levels of choline acetyl transferase and acetylcholine is associated with ------- Correct
Ans ---------- Memory loss
Most common cause of dementia ------- Correct Ans ---------- Alzheimer's disease fatal 5-10
years
Characteristics of Alzheimer's ------- Correct Ans ---------- Loss of memory, language , inability
to learn new things, dysfunction, delusions, cannot perform ADLs, majorly effects social life
Parkinson's Disease is ------- Correct Ans ---------- Chronic motor progressive neuro-degenerative
known as a shaking palsy
Parkinson's disease is associated with ------- Correct Ans ---------- basal ganglia dysfunction and
atrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine;
Characteristics of Parkinson's disease ------- Correct Ans ---------- Tremors at rest, rigidity,
bradykinesia, muscular rigidity and postural abnormalities.
2 Main Categories of CVA ------- Correct Ans ---------- Hemorrhagic and Ischemic
Hemorrhagic CVA ------- Correct Ans ---------- Blood produces inflammatory reaction, swelling,
displaces brain tissue and increases ICP
2 types of hemorrhagic stroke ------- Correct Ans ---------- Intracerebral and subarachnoid
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ------- Correct Ans ---------- Blood vessel leaks directly into brain
tissue
, Subarachnoid hemorrhage ------- Correct Ans ---------- Bleeding into the subarachnoid space,
caused by trauma, aneurysm rupture presents as "worst headache of life". surgical emergency
Ischemic CVA ------- Correct Ans ---------- reduction in cerebral blood flow results in hypoxia
and irreversible cell death with associated cerebral edema
3 types of ischemic CVA ------- Correct Ans ---------- thrombotic, embolic, hypercoagulable
states.
Thrombotic ------- Correct Ans ---------- caused by atherosclerosis blocking vessels. obstruction
of blood vessel due to localized occlusive process
Embolic ------- Correct Ans ---------- caused by blood clot, fat or air embolus traveling from
distant site to brain
Hypercoaguable state ------- Correct Ans ---------- conditions such as sickle cell disease,
polycythemia causing blood clot to form and obstruct vessel
Multiple sclerosis ------- Correct Ans ---------- chronic, inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating
disease of the CNS. : patho includes CNS demyelination thought to be caused by an immune
reaction
Acetylcholine ------- Correct Ans ---------- excitatory or inhibitory, enables muscle action,
learning, memory- involved in memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease
Norepinephrine ------- Correct Ans ---------- Helps control alertness and arousal. Under supply
can depress mood.
