Advanced Pathophysiology MidTerm
Questions with Accurate Answers
Homeostasis Negative Feedback - ANSWERSGlucose regulation
Homeostasis Positive Feedback - ANSWERSContractions of labor
Three major components of a cell - ANSWERSnucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
What does the nucleus contain? - ANSWERSDNA & the codes for all the proteins of the
body
What is the stored form of glucose? - ANSWERSGlycogen (present in the cytoplasm)
Ribosomes - ANSWERSSite for protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWERSRibosomes are attached here. Produces other
substances such as fats and enzymes
Golgi Apparatus - ANSWERSPackages substances that are to be excreted from the cell
Lysosomes - ANSWERSBreak down cell products and foreign bodies to be used again
Peroxisomes - ANSWERSBreak down toxins in the cell
Mitochondria - ANSWERSPower plants - make ATP (energy)
Cilia & flagella - ANSWERShair-like processes that aid in movement
(cilia also helps with filtration)
Diffusion - ANSWERSPASSIVE TRANSPORT
Movement from high to low concentration
Osmosis - ANSWERSPASSIVE TRANSPORT
Movement of water from low concentration to high solute concentration
Which processes use active transport? - ANSWERSSodium-potassium pump,
endocytosis, exocytosis USING ATP
,In a resting cell, where do Na+ and K+ stay? - ANSWERSNa+ is on the outside of the
cell and K+ is on the inside of the cell
Atrophy - ANSWERSWorkload, size of organelles, energy usage, and functionality ALL
DECREASE
ex) arm in a cast
Hypertrophy - ANSWERSIncreased workload, size and number of organelles &
contractility
Decreased functionality
ex) increase in muscle size when working out
AND
atherosclerosis makes the heart work harder and makes heart bigger and flabbier,
decreasing the function
Hyperplasia - ANSWERSIncreased workload, number of cells, and functionality
TWO TYPES: compensatory & hormonal
ex) sloughing off of endometrium during menses
Metaplasia - ANSWERSNormal cells are REPLACED with abnormal cells
ex) reflux, cilia lost in respiratory tract from smoking
Dysplasia - ANSWERSNormal cells are MUTATED to abnormal size and shape
ex) precancerous cells
Coagulative Necrosis - ANSWERSFirm & opaque
KIDNEY & HEART
Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWERSWalled-off liquid goo
BRAIN
Caseous Necrosis - ANSWERS"Cased"-off cheese globules
TB IN LUNGS
Fatty - ANSWERSOpaque, chalky, soapy
FAT
Dry Gangrene - ANSWERScoagulative
Wet Gangrene - ANSWERSLiquid
, Gas Gangrene - ANSWERSReleases gas into tissue Clostridium bacterium
Marfan Syndrome - ANSWERS- Disorder of connective tissue
- Chromosome 15
- Affects eyes, skeleton, cardiovascular
- Tall, thin, funnel chest
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - ANSWERS- Chromosome 17
- Cafe au lait spots, subcutaneous lesions, nervous system tumors
- Autosomal dominant
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 - ANSWERS- Chromosome 22
- Tumors of the acoustic nerve
- Autosomal dominant
PKU (Phenylketonuria) - ANSWERS- Chromosome 12
- Error in converting phenylalanine to tyrosine
- Fails to meet milestones
- Progressive neurological decline
- Low diet in phenylalanine for tx
- Autosomal recessive
Tay-Sachs Disease - ANSWERS- Chromosome 15****
- Hexosaminidase (needed to breakdown lipids)
- Lipids accumulate and destroy nerve cells
- Jewish descent
- Miss milestones
- Autosomal recessive
Fragile X Syndrome - ANSWERS- X-linked disorder
- Long face, large ears, large testicles, learning disabilities
Cleft Lip & Palate - ANSWERS- Due to maternal smoking, diabetes, seizure
medications
Trisomy 21 - ANSWERS- Down Syndrome
- Risk increases with maternal age
Monosomy X (Turner's Syndrome) - ANSWERS- Deletion of all or part of an X
- Gonadal streaks instead of ovaries, short stature, neck webbing, no mental retardation
Trisomy X (Klinefelter's Syndrome) - ANSWERS- One or more extra X chromosomes
with the presence of the Y
- Gynecomastia, small testes and penis, tall stature, sparse body hair
-Learning disabilities, behavioral problems
Questions with Accurate Answers
Homeostasis Negative Feedback - ANSWERSGlucose regulation
Homeostasis Positive Feedback - ANSWERSContractions of labor
Three major components of a cell - ANSWERSnucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
What does the nucleus contain? - ANSWERSDNA & the codes for all the proteins of the
body
What is the stored form of glucose? - ANSWERSGlycogen (present in the cytoplasm)
Ribosomes - ANSWERSSite for protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWERSRibosomes are attached here. Produces other
substances such as fats and enzymes
Golgi Apparatus - ANSWERSPackages substances that are to be excreted from the cell
Lysosomes - ANSWERSBreak down cell products and foreign bodies to be used again
Peroxisomes - ANSWERSBreak down toxins in the cell
Mitochondria - ANSWERSPower plants - make ATP (energy)
Cilia & flagella - ANSWERShair-like processes that aid in movement
(cilia also helps with filtration)
Diffusion - ANSWERSPASSIVE TRANSPORT
Movement from high to low concentration
Osmosis - ANSWERSPASSIVE TRANSPORT
Movement of water from low concentration to high solute concentration
Which processes use active transport? - ANSWERSSodium-potassium pump,
endocytosis, exocytosis USING ATP
,In a resting cell, where do Na+ and K+ stay? - ANSWERSNa+ is on the outside of the
cell and K+ is on the inside of the cell
Atrophy - ANSWERSWorkload, size of organelles, energy usage, and functionality ALL
DECREASE
ex) arm in a cast
Hypertrophy - ANSWERSIncreased workload, size and number of organelles &
contractility
Decreased functionality
ex) increase in muscle size when working out
AND
atherosclerosis makes the heart work harder and makes heart bigger and flabbier,
decreasing the function
Hyperplasia - ANSWERSIncreased workload, number of cells, and functionality
TWO TYPES: compensatory & hormonal
ex) sloughing off of endometrium during menses
Metaplasia - ANSWERSNormal cells are REPLACED with abnormal cells
ex) reflux, cilia lost in respiratory tract from smoking
Dysplasia - ANSWERSNormal cells are MUTATED to abnormal size and shape
ex) precancerous cells
Coagulative Necrosis - ANSWERSFirm & opaque
KIDNEY & HEART
Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWERSWalled-off liquid goo
BRAIN
Caseous Necrosis - ANSWERS"Cased"-off cheese globules
TB IN LUNGS
Fatty - ANSWERSOpaque, chalky, soapy
FAT
Dry Gangrene - ANSWERScoagulative
Wet Gangrene - ANSWERSLiquid
, Gas Gangrene - ANSWERSReleases gas into tissue Clostridium bacterium
Marfan Syndrome - ANSWERS- Disorder of connective tissue
- Chromosome 15
- Affects eyes, skeleton, cardiovascular
- Tall, thin, funnel chest
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - ANSWERS- Chromosome 17
- Cafe au lait spots, subcutaneous lesions, nervous system tumors
- Autosomal dominant
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 - ANSWERS- Chromosome 22
- Tumors of the acoustic nerve
- Autosomal dominant
PKU (Phenylketonuria) - ANSWERS- Chromosome 12
- Error in converting phenylalanine to tyrosine
- Fails to meet milestones
- Progressive neurological decline
- Low diet in phenylalanine for tx
- Autosomal recessive
Tay-Sachs Disease - ANSWERS- Chromosome 15****
- Hexosaminidase (needed to breakdown lipids)
- Lipids accumulate and destroy nerve cells
- Jewish descent
- Miss milestones
- Autosomal recessive
Fragile X Syndrome - ANSWERS- X-linked disorder
- Long face, large ears, large testicles, learning disabilities
Cleft Lip & Palate - ANSWERS- Due to maternal smoking, diabetes, seizure
medications
Trisomy 21 - ANSWERS- Down Syndrome
- Risk increases with maternal age
Monosomy X (Turner's Syndrome) - ANSWERS- Deletion of all or part of an X
- Gonadal streaks instead of ovaries, short stature, neck webbing, no mental retardation
Trisomy X (Klinefelter's Syndrome) - ANSWERS- One or more extra X chromosomes
with the presence of the Y
- Gynecomastia, small testes and penis, tall stature, sparse body hair
-Learning disabilities, behavioral problems
