SLCC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
The body's ability to maintain a dynamic steady state of internal balance -
CORRECT-ANSWERS- Homeostasis
Increased number of cells - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Hyperplasia
Increased size of cell - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Hypertrophy
Reduced size of cell - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Atrophy
Replacement of one cell type with another that can better endure stress but
not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous - CORRECT-
ANSWERS- Metaplasia
Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape or appearance,
precedes cancerous changes - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Dysplasia
Three mechanisms of cellular injury - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function
Highly reactive chemical molecules with an unpaired electron in their outer
orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules > cell damage;
cancers; other disease states result. - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Free Radical
Injury
1
,cellular oxygen deprivation. Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high consumers of O2.
Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood flow to the tissue > inflammatory
response - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Hypoxic Cell Injury
Ca++ is an important signaling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is
injured, calcium builds up inside the cell and many cell structures are
damaged. - causing? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Impaired Calcium Function
causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes
Causes impaired cell function but NOT DEATH. Body can repair itself and
return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time before cell
death results - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Reversible cell injury
Three types of reversible cell injury - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Water
Lipids
Calcium
abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] -
potassium [K+] pump. Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and
attracts water > intracellular swelling. Usually due to hypoxic injury. -
CORRECT-ANSWERS- Water
collects in cells, leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often
the result. Fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling,
but can be reversed with dietary changes. - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Lipids
builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg+
+] pump. Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes
2
,inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes > damages cell internally. -
CORRECT-ANSWERS- Calcium
Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane maintains integrity, cell
contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory response. -
CORRECT-ANSWERS- Apoptosis
How long do WBCs live? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- 8-10 days
How long do RBCs live? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- 3 months
Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity, cell contents released
into extracellular and inflammatory response. - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Necrosis
Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened each replication. When
too short cell dies - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Telomeres
Example of cellular aging
Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and
high blood pressure - CORRECT-ANSWERS- elasticity
Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic
constipation - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Bowel
Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating
disorders, etc. > muscle weakness, problems with balance - CORRECT-
ANSWERS- Muscle mass
3
, Loss of __________________ ________ due to aging or extreme dieting, cancer,
malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating temperature, and skin breakdown
over bony areas especially if bed-bound - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
subcutaneous fat
Response to injury, toxin, stress, trauma. Needed for tissue repair. Overall
healthy unless chronic. - - CORRECT-ANSWERS- inflammation
Organs of the immune system - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Bone Marrow - blood
components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen
Where are T-cells produced from lymphocytes - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Thymus Gland
Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Inflammation
Line blood vessels, releases products that vasodilate/vasoconstrict. Cause
blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood vessels, control
inflammatory mediators - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Endothelial cells
Thrombocytes- responsible for blood coagulation/clotting. Release over 300
potent inflammatory mediators. - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Platelets
4
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
The body's ability to maintain a dynamic steady state of internal balance -
CORRECT-ANSWERS- Homeostasis
Increased number of cells - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Hyperplasia
Increased size of cell - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Hypertrophy
Reduced size of cell - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Atrophy
Replacement of one cell type with another that can better endure stress but
not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous - CORRECT-
ANSWERS- Metaplasia
Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape or appearance,
precedes cancerous changes - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Dysplasia
Three mechanisms of cellular injury - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function
Highly reactive chemical molecules with an unpaired electron in their outer
orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules > cell damage;
cancers; other disease states result. - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Free Radical
Injury
1
,cellular oxygen deprivation. Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high consumers of O2.
Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood flow to the tissue > inflammatory
response - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Hypoxic Cell Injury
Ca++ is an important signaling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is
injured, calcium builds up inside the cell and many cell structures are
damaged. - causing? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Impaired Calcium Function
causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes
Causes impaired cell function but NOT DEATH. Body can repair itself and
return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time before cell
death results - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Reversible cell injury
Three types of reversible cell injury - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Water
Lipids
Calcium
abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] -
potassium [K+] pump. Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and
attracts water > intracellular swelling. Usually due to hypoxic injury. -
CORRECT-ANSWERS- Water
collects in cells, leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often
the result. Fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling,
but can be reversed with dietary changes. - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Lipids
builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg+
+] pump. Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes
2
,inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes > damages cell internally. -
CORRECT-ANSWERS- Calcium
Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane maintains integrity, cell
contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory response. -
CORRECT-ANSWERS- Apoptosis
How long do WBCs live? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- 8-10 days
How long do RBCs live? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- 3 months
Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity, cell contents released
into extracellular and inflammatory response. - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Necrosis
Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened each replication. When
too short cell dies - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Telomeres
Example of cellular aging
Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and
high blood pressure - CORRECT-ANSWERS- elasticity
Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic
constipation - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Bowel
Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating
disorders, etc. > muscle weakness, problems with balance - CORRECT-
ANSWERS- Muscle mass
3
, Loss of __________________ ________ due to aging or extreme dieting, cancer,
malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating temperature, and skin breakdown
over bony areas especially if bed-bound - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
subcutaneous fat
Response to injury, toxin, stress, trauma. Needed for tissue repair. Overall
healthy unless chronic. - - CORRECT-ANSWERS- inflammation
Organs of the immune system - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Bone Marrow - blood
components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen
Where are T-cells produced from lymphocytes - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Thymus Gland
Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Inflammation
Line blood vessels, releases products that vasodilate/vasoconstrict. Cause
blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood vessels, control
inflammatory mediators - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Endothelial cells
Thrombocytes- responsible for blood coagulation/clotting. Release over 300
potent inflammatory mediators. - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Platelets
4
