NUR 634 Exam #3
Gray matter (define) ANS: Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies; it rims the surfaces of the cerebral
hemispheres, forming the cerebral cortex
White matter (define) ANS: Neuronal axons that are coated with myelin
Basal ganglia (define) ANS: Affect movement
Thalamus (define) ANS: Process sensory impulses and relays them to the cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus (define) ANS: **Maintains homeostasis & regulates temperature, HR, & BP
**Affects the endocrine system and governs emotional behaviors
Internal capsule (define) ANS: A white-matter structure where myelinated fibers converge from all parts
of the cerebral cortex and descend into the brainstem
Cerebellum (define) ANS: Coordinates all movement and helps maintain the body upright in space
Somatic nervous system (define) ANS: Regulates muscle movements and response to sensations of
touch and pain
Autonomic nervous system (define) ANS: Connects to internal organs and generates autonomic reflex
responses
Sympathetic nervous system (define) ANS: Part of autonomic nervous system
,**Mobilizes organs and their functions during times of stress and arousal**
Parasympathetic nervous system (define) ANS: Part of autonomic nervous system
**Conserves energy and resources during times of rest and relaxation**
Spinal nerves (classification) ANS: 31 pairs total:
-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal
Sensory fibers ANS: **AFFERENT**
-Posterior (dorsal) root of nerve
Motor fibers ANS: **EFFERENT**
-Anterior (ventral) root of nerve
When upper motor neuron systems are damaged ABOVE their crossover in the medulla, motor
impairment develops on which side? ANS: ***OPPOSITE / CONTRALATERAL SIDE***
When upper motor neuron systems are damaged BELOW their crossover in the medulla, motor
impairment develops on which side? ANS: ***SAME / IPSILATERAL SIDE***
,In upper motor neuron lesions, what happens to muscle tone and DTRs? ANS: -Muscle tone is increased
-DTRs are exaggerated
Damage to lower motor neuron systems cause what? ANS: -Ipsilateral weakness and paralysis
Damage to basal ganglia system produces changes in what? ANS: -Muscle tone (most often an increase)
-Disturbances in posture and gait
-Bradykinesia (slowness or lack of spontaneous movements)
-Various involuntary movements
Damage to cerebellum causes what? ANS: -Impaired coordination, gait, & equilibrium
-Decreased muscle tone
Spinothalamic tract (define) ANS: -Consists of smaller sensory neurons with unmyelinated or thinly
myelinated axons
-Registers pain, temperature, and crude touch
Posterior columns (define) ANS: -Consist of larger neurons with heavily myelinated axons
-Transmit sensations of vibration, proprioception, kinesthesia, pressure, and fine touch
Diabetic patients with small-fiber neuropathy report what kind of sensation? ANS: Sharp, burning, or
shooting foot pain
, Diabetic patients with large-fiber neuropathy report what kind of sensation? ANS: Numbness & tingling,
or no sensation at all
Dermatome (define) ANS: The band of skin innervated by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve
Biceps / Supinator (brachioradialis) reflexes ANS: Cervical 5, 6
Triceps reflex ANS: Cervical 6, 7
Knee reflex ANS: Lumbar 2, 3, 4
Ankle reflex ANS: Sacral 1
Upper abdominal reflex ANS: Thoracic 8, 9, 10
Lower abdominal reflex ANS: Thoracic 10, 11, 12
Cremasteric reflex ANS: Lumbar 1, 2
Plantar response ANS: Lumbar 5, Sacral 1
Anal reflex ANS: Sacral 2, 3, 4
Headache warning signs ANS: -Progressively frequent or severe over a 3-month period
-Sudden onset like a "thunderclap" or "the worst headache of my life"
Gray matter (define) ANS: Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies; it rims the surfaces of the cerebral
hemispheres, forming the cerebral cortex
White matter (define) ANS: Neuronal axons that are coated with myelin
Basal ganglia (define) ANS: Affect movement
Thalamus (define) ANS: Process sensory impulses and relays them to the cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus (define) ANS: **Maintains homeostasis & regulates temperature, HR, & BP
**Affects the endocrine system and governs emotional behaviors
Internal capsule (define) ANS: A white-matter structure where myelinated fibers converge from all parts
of the cerebral cortex and descend into the brainstem
Cerebellum (define) ANS: Coordinates all movement and helps maintain the body upright in space
Somatic nervous system (define) ANS: Regulates muscle movements and response to sensations of
touch and pain
Autonomic nervous system (define) ANS: Connects to internal organs and generates autonomic reflex
responses
Sympathetic nervous system (define) ANS: Part of autonomic nervous system
,**Mobilizes organs and their functions during times of stress and arousal**
Parasympathetic nervous system (define) ANS: Part of autonomic nervous system
**Conserves energy and resources during times of rest and relaxation**
Spinal nerves (classification) ANS: 31 pairs total:
-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal
Sensory fibers ANS: **AFFERENT**
-Posterior (dorsal) root of nerve
Motor fibers ANS: **EFFERENT**
-Anterior (ventral) root of nerve
When upper motor neuron systems are damaged ABOVE their crossover in the medulla, motor
impairment develops on which side? ANS: ***OPPOSITE / CONTRALATERAL SIDE***
When upper motor neuron systems are damaged BELOW their crossover in the medulla, motor
impairment develops on which side? ANS: ***SAME / IPSILATERAL SIDE***
,In upper motor neuron lesions, what happens to muscle tone and DTRs? ANS: -Muscle tone is increased
-DTRs are exaggerated
Damage to lower motor neuron systems cause what? ANS: -Ipsilateral weakness and paralysis
Damage to basal ganglia system produces changes in what? ANS: -Muscle tone (most often an increase)
-Disturbances in posture and gait
-Bradykinesia (slowness or lack of spontaneous movements)
-Various involuntary movements
Damage to cerebellum causes what? ANS: -Impaired coordination, gait, & equilibrium
-Decreased muscle tone
Spinothalamic tract (define) ANS: -Consists of smaller sensory neurons with unmyelinated or thinly
myelinated axons
-Registers pain, temperature, and crude touch
Posterior columns (define) ANS: -Consist of larger neurons with heavily myelinated axons
-Transmit sensations of vibration, proprioception, kinesthesia, pressure, and fine touch
Diabetic patients with small-fiber neuropathy report what kind of sensation? ANS: Sharp, burning, or
shooting foot pain
, Diabetic patients with large-fiber neuropathy report what kind of sensation? ANS: Numbness & tingling,
or no sensation at all
Dermatome (define) ANS: The band of skin innervated by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve
Biceps / Supinator (brachioradialis) reflexes ANS: Cervical 5, 6
Triceps reflex ANS: Cervical 6, 7
Knee reflex ANS: Lumbar 2, 3, 4
Ankle reflex ANS: Sacral 1
Upper abdominal reflex ANS: Thoracic 8, 9, 10
Lower abdominal reflex ANS: Thoracic 10, 11, 12
Cremasteric reflex ANS: Lumbar 1, 2
Plantar response ANS: Lumbar 5, Sacral 1
Anal reflex ANS: Sacral 2, 3, 4
Headache warning signs ANS: -Progressively frequent or severe over a 3-month period
-Sudden onset like a "thunderclap" or "the worst headache of my life"
