MTTC Integrated Science Secondary (94) question with answers
What are the 5 steps in the Scientific Method? - -1. Identify a problem or pose a question based on an
observation.
2. Formulate a hypotheses.
3. Conduct experiments or tests the hypotheses.
4. Observe and record the results.
5. Draw a conclusion (was the hypothesis correct?).
* peer review is also important.
-Metric Unit deca (da): - -x 10^1
-Metric Unit hecto (h): - -x 10^2
-Metric Unit kilo (k): - -x 10^3
-Metric Unit mega (M): - -x 10^6
-Metric Unit giga (G): - -x 10^9
-Metric Unit deci (d): - -x 10^-1
-Metric Unit centi (c): - -x 10^-2
-Metric Unit milli (m): - -x 10^-3
-Metric Unit micro (µ): - -x 10^-6
-Metric Unit nano (n): - -x 10^-9
-Metric Unit pico (p) - -x 10^-12
-What is an Independent Variable and what axis is it plotted on in a graph? - -*The variable that acts as
a control or does not change during an experiment.
*x axis
-What is an Dependent Variable and what axis is it plotted on in a graph? - -*The variable that changes
in response to the independent variable. This change is measured to determine the effect of the
independent variable on the dependent variable.
*y axis
-What are random experimental errors? - -Errors that are not consistent across the data set.
* can result in collected data that does not seem to fit and may be wildly different from the rest of the
data, or they may result in data that is indistinguishable from the rest.
* may be the result of outside factors that are not considered variables
*referred to as noise
,-What are systematic experimental errors? - -An error that will show up consistently across a sample or
data set.
*may be the result of a flaw in the experiment design or instrumentation
*affects the average
*known as a bias
-Chemistry lab fire hazards - -Volatile solvents:
ether, acetone, benzene
*store in open beaker or Erlenmeyer flask
*use extreme caution around sparks
* heat in fume hood with a steam bath (not on a hot plate)
-Chemistry lab chemical burns - -Mineral acids and alkalis are corrosive to the skin and eyes
*acid halides and phenols are corrosive and often toxic
-Chemistry lab toxic chemicals that can be absorbed through the skin - -dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
nitrobenzene
-Chemistry lab toxic fume inhalation - -acetyl chloride- severely irritate membranes in the eyes, nose,
throat, and lungs
benzyl chloride- eye irritation and tears
-Simple microscope - -a microscope that contains only one lens
-Compound microscope - -Microscope that contains two or more lenses to increase total magnification
(usually 3 lenses)
*multiply each magnification to obtain total magnification
-Accuracy of balances - -Most accurate- Electronic
triple- beam
Least- Spring balance
-Chromotography - -Is the separation of a mobile phase carrying a mixture that moves in contact with a
selectively absorbent stationary phase.
-Analyte - -The substance or chemical being analyzed or detected in a specimen
-reagent - -a chemical agent for use in chemical reactions
-centrifuge - -an apparatus that uses centrifugal force to separate particles from a suspension
-Heterogeneous mixture - -A mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily
-precipitate - -A solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
, -supernatant - -liquid above the precipitate that remains after centrifugation that can be removed from
the precipitate with a pipet- also called centrifugate
-Spectrophotometry - -An analytical method for identifying a substance by its selective absorption of
different wavelengths of light.
-Electrophoresis - -A technique for separating macromolecules (proteins, RNA, DNA) on a gel using an
electric field.
-Calorimetry - -The measurement of heat flow (into or out of a system) as the result of a chemical
reaction or physical process.
-Titration - -a measured amount of a solution of unknown concentration is added to a known volume of
a second solution until the reaction between them is just complete
-Charles Robert Darwin - -Author of "On the Origin of Species" and founder of modern evolution theory.
Natural Selection, natural change, gradual change, and common descent
*d.1882
-Anton van Leeuwnhoek - -made his own lenses
found unicellular organisms
cell theory (all cells come from preexisting cells)
*d. 1723
-Carl Linnaeus - -"Father of Taxonomy"; established his classification of living things; famous for animal
naming system of binomial nomenclature
*d. 1778
-Barbara McClintock - -Nobel Prize winner who found that genes could jump from one place on
chromosome to another
Created the first genetic map for maize
*d. 1992
-Gregor Johann Mendel - -Austrian monk, and botanist who proved the existence of dominant and
recessive characteristics in living things (pea plants).
"Father of Genetics"
*d. 1884
-James Watson and Francis Crick - -Co-discovered the double helix structure of DNA in which two
strands were wound around each other--led to discovery of how DNA is replicated.
*d. 2004
-Mean - -Average (sum of a list of numbers divided by the number of numbers)
-Median - -Middle Number
-Mode - -Most common
, -Range - -Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.
-Regression analysis - -Measures the impact of a set of variables on another variable
-Standard deviation - -A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean.
*determines the confidence one can have in their conclusions
-eukaryotic cell - -A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
-Prokaryotic Cell - -A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed
organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
-Nuclear parts of a cell - -Nucleus, Chromosomes, Chromatin, Ribosomes, Nucleolus, Nuclear envelope,
Nuclear Pores, and Nucleoplasm
-Nucleus - -a small structure that contains the chromosomes and regulates the DNA of a cell.
-Chromosomes - -A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists
of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
-Chromatin - -DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
-Nucleolus - -This structure contained within the nucleus consists of protein. It is small, round, does not
have a membrane, is involved in protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA
-Nuclear envelope - -A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, made of lipids, perforated with
pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm
-Nuclear pores - -structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the
cell nucleus and the cytoplasm
-Nucleoplasm - -Fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA
-Ribosomes - -A cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis.
-Golgi complex - -This is involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of
the cell. It is located near the nucleus and consists of layers of membranes.
-Vacuoles - -Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
* 1 large in plants
*numerous small in animals
-Vesicle - -A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.
-Cytoskeleton - -a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many
living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence
What are the 5 steps in the Scientific Method? - -1. Identify a problem or pose a question based on an
observation.
2. Formulate a hypotheses.
3. Conduct experiments or tests the hypotheses.
4. Observe and record the results.
5. Draw a conclusion (was the hypothesis correct?).
* peer review is also important.
-Metric Unit deca (da): - -x 10^1
-Metric Unit hecto (h): - -x 10^2
-Metric Unit kilo (k): - -x 10^3
-Metric Unit mega (M): - -x 10^6
-Metric Unit giga (G): - -x 10^9
-Metric Unit deci (d): - -x 10^-1
-Metric Unit centi (c): - -x 10^-2
-Metric Unit milli (m): - -x 10^-3
-Metric Unit micro (µ): - -x 10^-6
-Metric Unit nano (n): - -x 10^-9
-Metric Unit pico (p) - -x 10^-12
-What is an Independent Variable and what axis is it plotted on in a graph? - -*The variable that acts as
a control or does not change during an experiment.
*x axis
-What is an Dependent Variable and what axis is it plotted on in a graph? - -*The variable that changes
in response to the independent variable. This change is measured to determine the effect of the
independent variable on the dependent variable.
*y axis
-What are random experimental errors? - -Errors that are not consistent across the data set.
* can result in collected data that does not seem to fit and may be wildly different from the rest of the
data, or they may result in data that is indistinguishable from the rest.
* may be the result of outside factors that are not considered variables
*referred to as noise
,-What are systematic experimental errors? - -An error that will show up consistently across a sample or
data set.
*may be the result of a flaw in the experiment design or instrumentation
*affects the average
*known as a bias
-Chemistry lab fire hazards - -Volatile solvents:
ether, acetone, benzene
*store in open beaker or Erlenmeyer flask
*use extreme caution around sparks
* heat in fume hood with a steam bath (not on a hot plate)
-Chemistry lab chemical burns - -Mineral acids and alkalis are corrosive to the skin and eyes
*acid halides and phenols are corrosive and often toxic
-Chemistry lab toxic chemicals that can be absorbed through the skin - -dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
nitrobenzene
-Chemistry lab toxic fume inhalation - -acetyl chloride- severely irritate membranes in the eyes, nose,
throat, and lungs
benzyl chloride- eye irritation and tears
-Simple microscope - -a microscope that contains only one lens
-Compound microscope - -Microscope that contains two or more lenses to increase total magnification
(usually 3 lenses)
*multiply each magnification to obtain total magnification
-Accuracy of balances - -Most accurate- Electronic
triple- beam
Least- Spring balance
-Chromotography - -Is the separation of a mobile phase carrying a mixture that moves in contact with a
selectively absorbent stationary phase.
-Analyte - -The substance or chemical being analyzed or detected in a specimen
-reagent - -a chemical agent for use in chemical reactions
-centrifuge - -an apparatus that uses centrifugal force to separate particles from a suspension
-Heterogeneous mixture - -A mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily
-precipitate - -A solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
, -supernatant - -liquid above the precipitate that remains after centrifugation that can be removed from
the precipitate with a pipet- also called centrifugate
-Spectrophotometry - -An analytical method for identifying a substance by its selective absorption of
different wavelengths of light.
-Electrophoresis - -A technique for separating macromolecules (proteins, RNA, DNA) on a gel using an
electric field.
-Calorimetry - -The measurement of heat flow (into or out of a system) as the result of a chemical
reaction or physical process.
-Titration - -a measured amount of a solution of unknown concentration is added to a known volume of
a second solution until the reaction between them is just complete
-Charles Robert Darwin - -Author of "On the Origin of Species" and founder of modern evolution theory.
Natural Selection, natural change, gradual change, and common descent
*d.1882
-Anton van Leeuwnhoek - -made his own lenses
found unicellular organisms
cell theory (all cells come from preexisting cells)
*d. 1723
-Carl Linnaeus - -"Father of Taxonomy"; established his classification of living things; famous for animal
naming system of binomial nomenclature
*d. 1778
-Barbara McClintock - -Nobel Prize winner who found that genes could jump from one place on
chromosome to another
Created the first genetic map for maize
*d. 1992
-Gregor Johann Mendel - -Austrian monk, and botanist who proved the existence of dominant and
recessive characteristics in living things (pea plants).
"Father of Genetics"
*d. 1884
-James Watson and Francis Crick - -Co-discovered the double helix structure of DNA in which two
strands were wound around each other--led to discovery of how DNA is replicated.
*d. 2004
-Mean - -Average (sum of a list of numbers divided by the number of numbers)
-Median - -Middle Number
-Mode - -Most common
, -Range - -Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.
-Regression analysis - -Measures the impact of a set of variables on another variable
-Standard deviation - -A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean.
*determines the confidence one can have in their conclusions
-eukaryotic cell - -A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
-Prokaryotic Cell - -A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed
organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
-Nuclear parts of a cell - -Nucleus, Chromosomes, Chromatin, Ribosomes, Nucleolus, Nuclear envelope,
Nuclear Pores, and Nucleoplasm
-Nucleus - -a small structure that contains the chromosomes and regulates the DNA of a cell.
-Chromosomes - -A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists
of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
-Chromatin - -DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
-Nucleolus - -This structure contained within the nucleus consists of protein. It is small, round, does not
have a membrane, is involved in protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA
-Nuclear envelope - -A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, made of lipids, perforated with
pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm
-Nuclear pores - -structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the
cell nucleus and the cytoplasm
-Nucleoplasm - -Fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA
-Ribosomes - -A cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis.
-Golgi complex - -This is involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of
the cell. It is located near the nucleus and consists of layers of membranes.
-Vacuoles - -Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
* 1 large in plants
*numerous small in animals
-Vesicle - -A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.
-Cytoskeleton - -a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many
living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence
