2025 Sociology 202 Notes – Preface, Chapters 1 & 2 University of Michigan
Sociology II Key Concepts & Summaries Graded A+
sociology |- |answersthe |science |of |society
social |facts |- |answersproducts |of |human |interaction |with |persuasive |or |coercive |power |that |exist |
externally |to |any |individual
data |- |answerssystematically |collected |sets |of |empirical |observations
research |questions |- |answersqueries |about |the |world |that |can |be |answered |empirically
W.E.B. |Du |Bois |- |answersquantitative |research |was |introduced |by |sociologist
sociological |research |methods |- |answersscientific |strategies |for |collecting |empirical |data |about |social |
facts
sociological |sympathy |- |answersthe |skill |of |understanding |others |as |they |understand |themselves
essential |tool |of |data |collection, |only |a |sociologist |with |this |could |be |impartial |- |answersMartineau |
believed |sociological |sympathy |was |important |for |two |reasons
research |ethics |- |answersthe |set |of |moral |principles |that |guide |empirical |inquiry
respect, |justice, |beneficence |- |answersprinciples |of |professional |research |ethics
sociological |theory |- |answersempirically |based |explanations |and |predictions |about |relationships |
between |social |facts
social |patterns |- |answersexplainable |and |foreseeable |similarities |and |differences |among |people |
influenced |by |the |social |conditions |in |which |they |live
standpoints |- |answerstheories |are |strongest |when |they're |built |by |many |different |kinds |of |scholars |
asking |questions |from |various |___, |or |points |of |view |grounded |in |lived |reality
build |sociological |theory, |support |public |sociology |- |answersaims |of |sociological |research
public |sociology |- |answersthe |work |of |using |sociological |theory |to |make |societies |better
sociological |imagination |- |answersthe |capacity |to |consider |how |people's |lives—including |our |own—
are |shaped |by |the |social |facts |that |surround |us
in-depth |interview |- |answersa |research |method |that |involves |an |intimate |conversation |between |the |
researcher |and |a |research |subject
laboratory |experiment |- |answersa |research |method |that |involves |a |test |of |a |hypothesis |under |
carefully |controlled |conditions
to |think |"I |am" |- |answersto |make |oneself |simultaneously |the |subject |and |the |object |of |thought.
, George |Herbert |Mead |- |answersthe |sociologist |who |differentiated |between |the |"I" |and |the |"me"
the |"me" |- |answersis |the |object |of |thought: |the |self |we |see |in |the |mirror, |our |personal |person, |the |
one |that |is |us.
-whom |we're |proud |of |when |things |go |well
-whom |we're |ashamed |of |when |we |make |embarrassing |decisions
the |"I" |- |answersthe |subject |of |thought, |the |person |feeling |pride |or |embarrassment
-the |part |of |the |self |that's |judging |and |making |judgment |calls
-part |of |the |self |that |sets |goals |and |evaluates |progress
-monitors |behavior
theory |of |mind |- |answersthe |recognition |that |other |minds |exist, |followed |by |the |realization |that |we |
can |try |to |imagine |others' |mental |states
Charles |Horton |Cooley |- |answerstheorized |that |the |"self" |emerges |from |our |ability |to |assume |the |
point |of |view |of |others |and |imagine |how |those |others |see |us; |developed |concept |of |the |self-concept
Charles |Horton |Cooley, |George |Herbert |Mead |- |answersthe |founds |of |social |psychology
self-concept |- |answersour |understanding |of |who |we |are |based |on |our |personality |traits, |physical |
characteristics, |ancestry, |and |biographies
looking-glass |self |- |answersCooley's |theory |of |the |self; |the |self |that |emerges |as |a |consequence |of |
seeing |ourselves |as |we |think |other |people |see |us
looking-glass |self |- |answersother |people |are |looking |glasses |reflecting |a |vision |from |which |we |form |
our |self-concepts
self-fulfilling |prophecy |- |answersthe |looking-glass |self |is |a |___; |Applied |to |the |self, |it |goes |something |
like |this: |If |enough |people |consistently |reflect |us |in |a |certain |way, |their |impressions |will |shape |our |
impression |of |ourselves, |and |we |will |act |accordingly, |bringing |into |existence |the |self |that |they |
originally |saw.
causal |claims |- |answersassertions |that |an |independent |variable |is |directly |and |specifically |responsible |
for |producing |a |change |in |a |dependent |variable
correlational |claims |- |answersassertions |that |changes |in |an |independent |variable |correspond |to |
changes |in |a |dependent |variable |but |not |in |a |way |that |can |be |proven |causal
self-narrative |- |answersa |story |we |tell |about |the |origin |and |likely |future |of |our |selves
social |facts |- |answersour |past |self, |present |self, |and |future |selves |are
social |constructs |- |answersinfluential |and |shared |interpretations |of |reality |that |vary |across |cultures
socialization |- |answerswe |learn |social |constructs |through
Sociology II Key Concepts & Summaries Graded A+
sociology |- |answersthe |science |of |society
social |facts |- |answersproducts |of |human |interaction |with |persuasive |or |coercive |power |that |exist |
externally |to |any |individual
data |- |answerssystematically |collected |sets |of |empirical |observations
research |questions |- |answersqueries |about |the |world |that |can |be |answered |empirically
W.E.B. |Du |Bois |- |answersquantitative |research |was |introduced |by |sociologist
sociological |research |methods |- |answersscientific |strategies |for |collecting |empirical |data |about |social |
facts
sociological |sympathy |- |answersthe |skill |of |understanding |others |as |they |understand |themselves
essential |tool |of |data |collection, |only |a |sociologist |with |this |could |be |impartial |- |answersMartineau |
believed |sociological |sympathy |was |important |for |two |reasons
research |ethics |- |answersthe |set |of |moral |principles |that |guide |empirical |inquiry
respect, |justice, |beneficence |- |answersprinciples |of |professional |research |ethics
sociological |theory |- |answersempirically |based |explanations |and |predictions |about |relationships |
between |social |facts
social |patterns |- |answersexplainable |and |foreseeable |similarities |and |differences |among |people |
influenced |by |the |social |conditions |in |which |they |live
standpoints |- |answerstheories |are |strongest |when |they're |built |by |many |different |kinds |of |scholars |
asking |questions |from |various |___, |or |points |of |view |grounded |in |lived |reality
build |sociological |theory, |support |public |sociology |- |answersaims |of |sociological |research
public |sociology |- |answersthe |work |of |using |sociological |theory |to |make |societies |better
sociological |imagination |- |answersthe |capacity |to |consider |how |people's |lives—including |our |own—
are |shaped |by |the |social |facts |that |surround |us
in-depth |interview |- |answersa |research |method |that |involves |an |intimate |conversation |between |the |
researcher |and |a |research |subject
laboratory |experiment |- |answersa |research |method |that |involves |a |test |of |a |hypothesis |under |
carefully |controlled |conditions
to |think |"I |am" |- |answersto |make |oneself |simultaneously |the |subject |and |the |object |of |thought.
, George |Herbert |Mead |- |answersthe |sociologist |who |differentiated |between |the |"I" |and |the |"me"
the |"me" |- |answersis |the |object |of |thought: |the |self |we |see |in |the |mirror, |our |personal |person, |the |
one |that |is |us.
-whom |we're |proud |of |when |things |go |well
-whom |we're |ashamed |of |when |we |make |embarrassing |decisions
the |"I" |- |answersthe |subject |of |thought, |the |person |feeling |pride |or |embarrassment
-the |part |of |the |self |that's |judging |and |making |judgment |calls
-part |of |the |self |that |sets |goals |and |evaluates |progress
-monitors |behavior
theory |of |mind |- |answersthe |recognition |that |other |minds |exist, |followed |by |the |realization |that |we |
can |try |to |imagine |others' |mental |states
Charles |Horton |Cooley |- |answerstheorized |that |the |"self" |emerges |from |our |ability |to |assume |the |
point |of |view |of |others |and |imagine |how |those |others |see |us; |developed |concept |of |the |self-concept
Charles |Horton |Cooley, |George |Herbert |Mead |- |answersthe |founds |of |social |psychology
self-concept |- |answersour |understanding |of |who |we |are |based |on |our |personality |traits, |physical |
characteristics, |ancestry, |and |biographies
looking-glass |self |- |answersCooley's |theory |of |the |self; |the |self |that |emerges |as |a |consequence |of |
seeing |ourselves |as |we |think |other |people |see |us
looking-glass |self |- |answersother |people |are |looking |glasses |reflecting |a |vision |from |which |we |form |
our |self-concepts
self-fulfilling |prophecy |- |answersthe |looking-glass |self |is |a |___; |Applied |to |the |self, |it |goes |something |
like |this: |If |enough |people |consistently |reflect |us |in |a |certain |way, |their |impressions |will |shape |our |
impression |of |ourselves, |and |we |will |act |accordingly, |bringing |into |existence |the |self |that |they |
originally |saw.
causal |claims |- |answersassertions |that |an |independent |variable |is |directly |and |specifically |responsible |
for |producing |a |change |in |a |dependent |variable
correlational |claims |- |answersassertions |that |changes |in |an |independent |variable |correspond |to |
changes |in |a |dependent |variable |but |not |in |a |way |that |can |be |proven |causal
self-narrative |- |answersa |story |we |tell |about |the |origin |and |likely |future |of |our |selves
social |facts |- |answersour |past |self, |present |self, |and |future |selves |are
social |constructs |- |answersinfluential |and |shared |interpretations |of |reality |that |vary |across |cultures
socialization |- |answerswe |learn |social |constructs |through
