CCJS 105 Exam #3 Zafft UMD questions
with verified answers to pass
Bonds to social institutions to prevent crime, which otherwise comes naturally. The bonds are
attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. - correct answer ✔✔Social Bond Theory
(Hirschi)
the emotional component of conformity referring to one's attachment to others and to social
institutions - correct answer ✔✔Attachment (Social Bond Theory)
the rational component of conformity referring to a lifestyle in which one has invested
considerable time and energy in the pursuit of a lawful career - correct answer
✔✔Commitment (Social Bond Theory)
a direct consequence of commitment; part of an overall conventional pattern of existence -
correct answer ✔✔Involvement (Social Bond Theory)
refers to the acceptance of the social norms regulating conduct - correct answer ✔✔Belief
(Social Bond Theory)
Low self-control explains all crime and analogous acts. Low self-control occurs in the absence of
proper parenting. Exposure to criminal opportunities explains differences in criminal behavior
among low self-control individuals. - correct answer ✔✔Low Self-Control Theory (Gottfredson
and Hirschi)
Crime is learned in association with peers holding definitions favorable to law violation. Most
likely to occur in differentially organized (low-income) neighborhoods. - correct answer
✔✔Differential Association Theory (Sutherland)
,1. Criminal behavior is learned
2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other people during a process of
communication
3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups
4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of committing crime,
which are sometimes uncomplicated and sometimes simple, and the specific direction of
motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes
5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as
favorable or unfavorable
6. A person becomes delinquent from the excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law
7. Associations vary by frequency (how often you see definitions), duration (how long
definitions have been in your life), priority (how important definitions are to you), and intensity
(closest definitions to you) - correct answer ✔✔7 Propositions of Differential Association Theory
Definitions favorable to law violation depend on history of reinforcement and punishment.
Excess rewards for criminal behavior perpetuate it. - correct answer ✔✔Social Learning Theory
(Aker)
1. They differentially associate with others who commit, model, and support violations of social
and legal norms (differential association)
2. The violative behavior is differentially reinforced over behavior in conformity to the norm
(differential reinforcement)
3. They are more exposed to and observes more deviant models than conforming models
(imitation)
4. Their own learned definitions are favorable toward committing the deviant acts (excess of
definitions) - correct answer ✔✔4 principles of committing law violation (Social Learning
Theory)
Crime has no independent reality. Original primary deviance is unimportant; what is important
is the labelling process, which leads to secondary deviance. Labelling people criminals leads
, them to organize their self-concepts around that label. - correct answer ✔✔Labelling Theory
(Tannenbaum)
the initial nonconforming act that you were caught for - correct answer ✔✔Primary deviance
(Lemert)
the act of crime that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new
identity and continues the deviant behavior - correct answer ✔✔Secondary deviance (Lemert)
Delinquents and criminals learn to neutralize moral constraints and thus their guilt for
committing crimes. They drift in and out of crime. - correct answer ✔✔Neutralization Theory
(Sykes and Matza)
1. Denial of responsibility- shifts the blame of the deviant act act away from the actor
2. Denial of injury- claim that no real offense occurred because no one was harmed
3. Denial of victim- victim got what they deserved
4. Condemnation of condemners- attempts to share guilt with condemners by asserting that
their behavior is just as bad
5. Appeal to higher loyalties- claims that a higher power made them do it - correct answer ✔✔5
techniques of neutralization (Neutralization Theory)
Poverty concentrates people of different cultural backgrounds and generates cultural conflict.
The breakdown of informal social controls leads to social disorganization, and peer group gangs
replace social institutions as socializers. - correct answer ✔✔Social Disorganization Theory
(Chicago School)
Rapid social change leads to social deregulation and the weakening of restraining social norms.
This unleashes "insatiable appetites," which some seek to satisfy using criminal activity - correct
answer ✔✔Anomie Theory (Durkheim)
with verified answers to pass
Bonds to social institutions to prevent crime, which otherwise comes naturally. The bonds are
attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. - correct answer ✔✔Social Bond Theory
(Hirschi)
the emotional component of conformity referring to one's attachment to others and to social
institutions - correct answer ✔✔Attachment (Social Bond Theory)
the rational component of conformity referring to a lifestyle in which one has invested
considerable time and energy in the pursuit of a lawful career - correct answer
✔✔Commitment (Social Bond Theory)
a direct consequence of commitment; part of an overall conventional pattern of existence -
correct answer ✔✔Involvement (Social Bond Theory)
refers to the acceptance of the social norms regulating conduct - correct answer ✔✔Belief
(Social Bond Theory)
Low self-control explains all crime and analogous acts. Low self-control occurs in the absence of
proper parenting. Exposure to criminal opportunities explains differences in criminal behavior
among low self-control individuals. - correct answer ✔✔Low Self-Control Theory (Gottfredson
and Hirschi)
Crime is learned in association with peers holding definitions favorable to law violation. Most
likely to occur in differentially organized (low-income) neighborhoods. - correct answer
✔✔Differential Association Theory (Sutherland)
,1. Criminal behavior is learned
2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other people during a process of
communication
3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups
4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of committing crime,
which are sometimes uncomplicated and sometimes simple, and the specific direction of
motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes
5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as
favorable or unfavorable
6. A person becomes delinquent from the excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law
7. Associations vary by frequency (how often you see definitions), duration (how long
definitions have been in your life), priority (how important definitions are to you), and intensity
(closest definitions to you) - correct answer ✔✔7 Propositions of Differential Association Theory
Definitions favorable to law violation depend on history of reinforcement and punishment.
Excess rewards for criminal behavior perpetuate it. - correct answer ✔✔Social Learning Theory
(Aker)
1. They differentially associate with others who commit, model, and support violations of social
and legal norms (differential association)
2. The violative behavior is differentially reinforced over behavior in conformity to the norm
(differential reinforcement)
3. They are more exposed to and observes more deviant models than conforming models
(imitation)
4. Their own learned definitions are favorable toward committing the deviant acts (excess of
definitions) - correct answer ✔✔4 principles of committing law violation (Social Learning
Theory)
Crime has no independent reality. Original primary deviance is unimportant; what is important
is the labelling process, which leads to secondary deviance. Labelling people criminals leads
, them to organize their self-concepts around that label. - correct answer ✔✔Labelling Theory
(Tannenbaum)
the initial nonconforming act that you were caught for - correct answer ✔✔Primary deviance
(Lemert)
the act of crime that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new
identity and continues the deviant behavior - correct answer ✔✔Secondary deviance (Lemert)
Delinquents and criminals learn to neutralize moral constraints and thus their guilt for
committing crimes. They drift in and out of crime. - correct answer ✔✔Neutralization Theory
(Sykes and Matza)
1. Denial of responsibility- shifts the blame of the deviant act act away from the actor
2. Denial of injury- claim that no real offense occurred because no one was harmed
3. Denial of victim- victim got what they deserved
4. Condemnation of condemners- attempts to share guilt with condemners by asserting that
their behavior is just as bad
5. Appeal to higher loyalties- claims that a higher power made them do it - correct answer ✔✔5
techniques of neutralization (Neutralization Theory)
Poverty concentrates people of different cultural backgrounds and generates cultural conflict.
The breakdown of informal social controls leads to social disorganization, and peer group gangs
replace social institutions as socializers. - correct answer ✔✔Social Disorganization Theory
(Chicago School)
Rapid social change leads to social deregulation and the weakening of restraining social norms.
This unleashes "insatiable appetites," which some seek to satisfy using criminal activity - correct
answer ✔✔Anomie Theory (Durkheim)
