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Samenvatting - nier 2

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Samenvatting van het vak "nier 2".

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Samenvatting nier 2
Inhoudsopgave

Klinische nefrologie ...................................................................................................................... 4

Inleiding .......................................................................................................................................... 4

Hematurie/proteïnurie ..................................................................................................................... 4

Chronische nierziekte .................................................................................................................... 11

Nierfunctie .................................................................................................................................... 12

Nierbiopsie .................................................................................................................................... 14

Casussen ...................................................................................................................................... 15

Acute nierinsufficiëntie – Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)........................................................................ 19

AKI – definitie ................................................................................................................................. 19

Differentiaaldiagnose ..................................................................................................................... 19

Prerenale AKI ................................................................................................................................. 20

Renale AKI ..................................................................................................................................... 25

Postrenaal ..................................................................................................................................... 27

Algemeen AKI ................................................................................................................................ 27

Arteriële hypertensie ................................................................................................................... 29

Complicaties ................................................................................................................................. 29

Oorzaken hypertensie .................................................................................................................... 30

Chronische nierinsufficiëntie (CKD) ................................................................................................ 31

Meten van de bloeddruk ................................................................................................................. 32

De patiënt met hypertensie............................................................................................................. 33

Secundaire arteriële hypertensie (5-10%) ........................................................................................ 33

Behandeling hypertensie ................................................................................................................ 35

Follow-up ...................................................................................................................................... 38

Geneesmiddelen en de nier ......................................................................................................... 39

Over de nierfunctie......................................................................................................................... 39

Trimethoprime geïnduceerde serum creatinine elevatie ................................................................... 39

Canagliflozin.................................................................................................................................. 39

Chronische nierinsufficiëntie .......................................................................................................... 40

Conclusie ...................................................................................................................................... 45


1

,Diabetische nefropathie .............................................................................................................. 46

Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 46

Epidemiologie – diabetische nierziekte ............................................................................................ 46

Pathofysiologie .............................................................................................................................. 46

Histologie ...................................................................................................................................... 47

Hoe stel je de diagnose?................................................................................................................. 48

Preventie en behandeling ............................................................................................................... 50

Take home messages ..................................................................................................................... 52

Zwangerschap en de nier ............................................................................................................. 53

Fysiologische adaptaties tijdens de zwangerschap .......................................................................... 53

Nefrologische problemen zwangerschap ........................................................................................ 55

Zwangerschap bij CKD of niertransplantatie .................................................................................... 56

Chronische nierinsufficiëntie (CKD) en dialyse ............................................................................. 58

Inleiding: definitie, oorzaken, epidemiologie .................................................................................... 58

Classificatie & prognose ................................................................................................................. 59

Progressie ..................................................................................................................................... 60

Screening ...................................................................................................................................... 62

Klinische manifestaties .................................................................................................................. 62

Cardiovasculaire comorbiditeit....................................................................................................... 64

Nierfunctievervangende therapie (dialyse)....................................................................................... 65

Zorgtraject chronische nierinsufficiëntie ......................................................................................... 69

Glomerulonefritis ........................................................................................................................ 70

Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 70

Ziektesyndromen/fysiopathologie ................................................................................................... 70

Enkele typische voorbeelden .......................................................................................................... 73

Take home messages glomerulonefritis .......................................................................................... 75

Water, natrium en kalium ............................................................................................................ 76

Natrium ......................................................................................................................................... 76

Kalium ........................................................................................................................................... 81

Diuretica ....................................................................................................................................... 83

Calcium en fosfaat ...................................................................................................................... 84

De verschillende hoofdrolspelers ................................................................................................... 84




2

, Regelingsmechanismen ................................................................................................................. 88

Pathologische toestanden .............................................................................................................. 89

Eindstadium nierfalen .................................................................................................................... 91

Niertransplantatie ....................................................................................................................... 93

Complicaties bij niertransplant ....................................................................................................... 93

Wachtlijst niertransplantatie .......................................................................................................... 98

Samenvatting tranplantatie ............................................................................................................ 99

Autosomaal dominante polycystische nierziekten (ADPKD) ........................................................ 100

Inleiding .......................................................................................................................................100

Genetica ......................................................................................................................................100

Kliniek ..........................................................................................................................................100

Differentiaal diagnose ...................................................................................................................101

Kliniek ..........................................................................................................................................101

Diagnose ......................................................................................................................................101

Behandeling .................................................................................................................................102

Besluit ..........................................................................................................................................102




3

, Klinische nefrologie
→ Leerdoelen: pwp inleiding


Inleiding
Klinische renale syndromen:
- Nefritisch syndroom
o Hematurie (erythrocyturie: dysformisch, cilinders)
§ Asymptomatisch, geïsoleerde (microscopische) hematurie
§ Hematurie met proteïnurie en/of hypertensie en/of verlaagde GFR
- Nefrotisch syndroom
o Proteïnurie (nefrotische range: ≥3g/d)
§ Hypalbuminemie, oedeem, hypercholesterolemie
§ Inactief urinair sediment
- Acute nierinsufficiëntie (AKI)
o Acuut (GFR in uren – weken)
§ Non-glomerulair: ischemisch, toxines, pigmenten, sepsis
§ Glomerulair: bv. acute poststreptococcale glomerulonefritis (GN)
- RPGN
o Snel progressieve nierinsufficiëntie (weken – maanden)
§ Crescentvormige GN: systemische vasculitis, auto-immuunziekte
§ Nefritisch sediment, proteïnurie <3g/d
§ Hypertensie, oedeem
- Chronische nierinsufficiëntie (CKD)
o CKD-staging I tot V

Nefrologie
Symptomen/verschijnselen → syndromen → oorzakelijke ziekten
→ Je gaat van bv. (vnl) proteïnurie naar nefrotisch syndroom naar de oorzaak ervan
ð Afwijkende urine, afwijkende glomerulaire filtratie rate (GFR)


Hematurie/proteïnurie
Geïsoleerde hematurie of proteïnurie komen regelmatig voor




- Screening > 100.000 personen
o Geïsoleerde proteïnurie → altijd nier, meestal glomerulair (ziekte van filter)
o Geïsoleerde hematurie → urologische, nefrologische, gynaecologische (bv.
inmenging menstruatie) oorzaken



4

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