WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OBJECTIVE
ASSESSMENT AND PRACTICE EXAM NEWEST 2025
TEST BANK| COMPLETE 350 ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+||
BRAND NEW!!
Homeostasis - correct answer..process by which organisms
maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Intracellular Fluid - correct answer..fluid inside of the cell, 2/3
of body weight
- mainly in muscle cells
Extracellular Fluid - correct answer..fluid outside of the cell, 1/3
of bodily fluids
- blood vessels
- skin tissues
- spinal cord
Diffusion - correct answer..Movement of molecules from an
area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis - correct answer..movement of fluid from an area of
lower solute concentration to a higher concentration
,Filtration - correct answer..water and solute movement occurs
from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low
hydrostatic pressure
Osmolality - correct answer..the number of osmotically active
particles per kg of water
Hypertonic - correct answer..osmolality greater than 300.
Hypotonic - correct answer..osmolality less than 300.
- osmotic pressure is more significant in the body
- fluids pulled from body into cell
An isotonic solution - correct answer..0.09% normal saline
Interferons (IFNs) - correct answer..type of cytokine that signals
cells to increase anti-viral defenses.
- are released by cells that are infected with a virus, causing
other cells to become resistant to the virus
- play a role in tumor suppression
Hypervolemia - correct answer..fluid volume overload
Edema - correct answer..swelling of soft tissues because of
excess fluid accumulation
Causes of edema include: - correct answer..-Increased
hydrostatic (water) pressure
- Manifestation: High BP and pitting edema
- Renal Failure, Heart Failure
- Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
,- low albumin
- cirrhosis, starvation
- bacteria infections/burns
- obstruction of lymphatic system (cancer or infection)
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?
How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would
have edema? - correct answer..Starling's Law describes how
fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are two major
opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic
pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic
pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into
the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood
affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte and protein
concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the cells
and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the
high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations
(as seen in a nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to
leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid
which can lead to edema.
How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
result in increased blood volume and increased blood pressure? -
correct answer..A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the
kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
, Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which
is converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II
by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release
aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water
reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased
potassium secretion in urine.
How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest? - correct
answer..Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels higher that 5.2
mEq/dL.
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in
muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much
can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular
heartbeat can cause a heart attack
The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate
Buffering System, and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to
regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, what is the consequence
of a pH imbalance - correct answer..Proteins contain many
acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH changes. Any
increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the
protein (denature), thereby affecting its function as well
ASSESSMENT AND PRACTICE EXAM NEWEST 2025
TEST BANK| COMPLETE 350 ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+||
BRAND NEW!!
Homeostasis - correct answer..process by which organisms
maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Intracellular Fluid - correct answer..fluid inside of the cell, 2/3
of body weight
- mainly in muscle cells
Extracellular Fluid - correct answer..fluid outside of the cell, 1/3
of bodily fluids
- blood vessels
- skin tissues
- spinal cord
Diffusion - correct answer..Movement of molecules from an
area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis - correct answer..movement of fluid from an area of
lower solute concentration to a higher concentration
,Filtration - correct answer..water and solute movement occurs
from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low
hydrostatic pressure
Osmolality - correct answer..the number of osmotically active
particles per kg of water
Hypertonic - correct answer..osmolality greater than 300.
Hypotonic - correct answer..osmolality less than 300.
- osmotic pressure is more significant in the body
- fluids pulled from body into cell
An isotonic solution - correct answer..0.09% normal saline
Interferons (IFNs) - correct answer..type of cytokine that signals
cells to increase anti-viral defenses.
- are released by cells that are infected with a virus, causing
other cells to become resistant to the virus
- play a role in tumor suppression
Hypervolemia - correct answer..fluid volume overload
Edema - correct answer..swelling of soft tissues because of
excess fluid accumulation
Causes of edema include: - correct answer..-Increased
hydrostatic (water) pressure
- Manifestation: High BP and pitting edema
- Renal Failure, Heart Failure
- Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
,- low albumin
- cirrhosis, starvation
- bacteria infections/burns
- obstruction of lymphatic system (cancer or infection)
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?
How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would
have edema? - correct answer..Starling's Law describes how
fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are two major
opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic
pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic
pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into
the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood
affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte and protein
concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the cells
and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the
high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations
(as seen in a nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to
leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid
which can lead to edema.
How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
result in increased blood volume and increased blood pressure? -
correct answer..A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the
kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
, Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which
is converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II
by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release
aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water
reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased
potassium secretion in urine.
How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest? - correct
answer..Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels higher that 5.2
mEq/dL.
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in
muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much
can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular
heartbeat can cause a heart attack
The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate
Buffering System, and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to
regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, what is the consequence
of a pH imbalance - correct answer..Proteins contain many
acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH changes. Any
increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the
protein (denature), thereby affecting its function as well
