PLTW MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS 2025/2026 RATED A+
✔✔what is the outer ear? - ✔✔pinna and auditory canal. funnels vibrations to auditory
canal.
✔✔steps of hearing - ✔✔1-sound waves enter the ear and cause vibrations in the ear
drum
2-vibrations in the eardrum cause the bones in the middle ear to move back and forth
3- movement against the oval window causes movement in the fluid that fills the
cochlea
4- movement of hairs in the cochlea stimulate an impulse among the auditory nerve to
the brain.
✔✔ what are the categories of medical interventions? - ✔✔pharmacology, rehab,
genetics, medical devices, diagnostics, surgery
✔✔What is bioinformatics? - ✔✔the application of computational methods to the storage
and analysis of biological data
✔✔How can DNA sequences be used to identify disease pathogens? - ✔✔can
determine specific segments of DNA that differ between different types of pathogens
and analyze this segment by following a similar sequencing pattern
✔✔what are the basic steps for isolating and identifying bacterial DNA - ✔✔1- isolate
the DNA of the pathogen using PCR. Only copies DNA from the invader
2- cycle sequencing takes the copied DNA and creates DNA fragments of different
lengths and separates them by size
3- organize fragments based on size. Florescent DNA goes through a laser
✔✔What is a serial dilution? - ✔✔A stepwise dilution of a substance in solution
✔✔Explain the process of ELISA - ✔✔step 1- sample is added to the wells. Proteins
bind to the walls of the wells
step 2- detergent washes out unbound proteins and blocks surface proteins
step 3- primary antibody binds to a specific antibody
step 4- unbound primary antibody is washed away
step 5- secondary antibody that is linked with an enzyme is attached and added to walls
and binds to the primary antibody
step 6- excess secondary antibody is washed away
step 7- substrate is added to the wells. The substrate binds to the enzyme bound to the
secondary antibody and causes a color change
✔✔What is the mode of action of penicillin? - ✔✔interferes with ability to synthesize cell.
(attacks cells walls)
, ✔✔what is the mode of action of tetracycline? - ✔✔binds to the ribosomes and halts
protein production
✔✔what is the mode of action of floroquinoles? - ✔✔messes up DNA replication
✔✔what is the mode of action of sulfonamides? - ✔✔interferes with synthesis of folic
acid
✔✔What is antibiotic resistance? - ✔✔when the medicine no longer affects the bacteria
because they are immune to it.
✔✔conjugation? - ✔✔A pilius bridge forms. Plasmid duplicates and is transferred to
another cell via the bridge
✔✔transformation? - ✔✔naked DNA floats around and is picked up by other cells
✔✔Transduction? - ✔✔phages infect bacteria bringing along genes of other cells that
have resistance
✔✔What is sensorineural hearing loss? - ✔✔hearing loss caused by damage to the
cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
✔✔What is conductive hearing loss? - ✔✔hearing loss that is due to diminished sound
reaching middle and inner ear.
✔✔Live attenuated vaccines - ✔✔virus is weakened but still able to reproduce and
cause an immune response in the body
✔✔Inactivated vaccines - ✔✔dead bacteria injected into patient to build immunity
✔✔toxiod vaccine - ✔✔vaccine is made from a toxin that is weakened so body can
learn how to fight it off
✔✔DNA vaccines - ✔✔create recombination by inserting microbial DNA into plasmid
vector
✔✔subunit vaccines - ✔✔use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response
✔✔How are vaccines produced? - ✔✔Small weakened or dead viruses are injected into
the body to produce antibodies, so they next time your body is attacked by the same
virus your body fights it off without you even knowing that you contracted it.
✔✔What is DNA ligase? - ✔✔connects the ends of molecules together
AND SOLUTIONS 2025/2026 RATED A+
✔✔what is the outer ear? - ✔✔pinna and auditory canal. funnels vibrations to auditory
canal.
✔✔steps of hearing - ✔✔1-sound waves enter the ear and cause vibrations in the ear
drum
2-vibrations in the eardrum cause the bones in the middle ear to move back and forth
3- movement against the oval window causes movement in the fluid that fills the
cochlea
4- movement of hairs in the cochlea stimulate an impulse among the auditory nerve to
the brain.
✔✔ what are the categories of medical interventions? - ✔✔pharmacology, rehab,
genetics, medical devices, diagnostics, surgery
✔✔What is bioinformatics? - ✔✔the application of computational methods to the storage
and analysis of biological data
✔✔How can DNA sequences be used to identify disease pathogens? - ✔✔can
determine specific segments of DNA that differ between different types of pathogens
and analyze this segment by following a similar sequencing pattern
✔✔what are the basic steps for isolating and identifying bacterial DNA - ✔✔1- isolate
the DNA of the pathogen using PCR. Only copies DNA from the invader
2- cycle sequencing takes the copied DNA and creates DNA fragments of different
lengths and separates them by size
3- organize fragments based on size. Florescent DNA goes through a laser
✔✔What is a serial dilution? - ✔✔A stepwise dilution of a substance in solution
✔✔Explain the process of ELISA - ✔✔step 1- sample is added to the wells. Proteins
bind to the walls of the wells
step 2- detergent washes out unbound proteins and blocks surface proteins
step 3- primary antibody binds to a specific antibody
step 4- unbound primary antibody is washed away
step 5- secondary antibody that is linked with an enzyme is attached and added to walls
and binds to the primary antibody
step 6- excess secondary antibody is washed away
step 7- substrate is added to the wells. The substrate binds to the enzyme bound to the
secondary antibody and causes a color change
✔✔What is the mode of action of penicillin? - ✔✔interferes with ability to synthesize cell.
(attacks cells walls)
, ✔✔what is the mode of action of tetracycline? - ✔✔binds to the ribosomes and halts
protein production
✔✔what is the mode of action of floroquinoles? - ✔✔messes up DNA replication
✔✔what is the mode of action of sulfonamides? - ✔✔interferes with synthesis of folic
acid
✔✔What is antibiotic resistance? - ✔✔when the medicine no longer affects the bacteria
because they are immune to it.
✔✔conjugation? - ✔✔A pilius bridge forms. Plasmid duplicates and is transferred to
another cell via the bridge
✔✔transformation? - ✔✔naked DNA floats around and is picked up by other cells
✔✔Transduction? - ✔✔phages infect bacteria bringing along genes of other cells that
have resistance
✔✔What is sensorineural hearing loss? - ✔✔hearing loss caused by damage to the
cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
✔✔What is conductive hearing loss? - ✔✔hearing loss that is due to diminished sound
reaching middle and inner ear.
✔✔Live attenuated vaccines - ✔✔virus is weakened but still able to reproduce and
cause an immune response in the body
✔✔Inactivated vaccines - ✔✔dead bacteria injected into patient to build immunity
✔✔toxiod vaccine - ✔✔vaccine is made from a toxin that is weakened so body can
learn how to fight it off
✔✔DNA vaccines - ✔✔create recombination by inserting microbial DNA into plasmid
vector
✔✔subunit vaccines - ✔✔use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response
✔✔How are vaccines produced? - ✔✔Small weakened or dead viruses are injected into
the body to produce antibodies, so they next time your body is attacked by the same
virus your body fights it off without you even knowing that you contracted it.
✔✔What is DNA ligase? - ✔✔connects the ends of molecules together
